Certainty: 3 Baldwin of Boulogne arrived at Edessa. When Baldwin of Boulogne moved into the Armenian areas, the region as far as the Euphrates became his within a few days, as the Christians gave him the fortified towns and the Turks left; his name became so powerful that even Christian princes became his vassals, up to Edessa. His renown as Christian liberator reached Edessa so strongly that its rulers asked him to intervene there, with the good will of the aged Byzantine governor Thoros, who could not protect them against the Turks. Baldwin accepted the invitation, crossing the Euphrates with a few knights, leaving others to garrison the towns he had acquired; he sheltered from the Turks of Samosata in the town of a local Armenian ruler, who had to suffer a Turkish raid. Baldwin was received with great ceremony in Edessa. Thoros brought Baldwin to Edessa by promising an equal share of all revenues till his own death, and all susbsequent revenues, but now he offered fair annual pay. Baldwin refused to serve for a wage and prepared to leave; but the populace intervened
Certainty: 3 Departure of Tatikios from siege of Antioch, fearing to he murdered by anti-Byzantine leaders. Tatikios, Alexios I's representative on the crusade, proposed that the crusaders should harry Antioch only, going to winter in nearby cities, till Alexios sent an army in spring. When this was rejected, he left the camp. He gave an impression that he would return, leaving his tents and most of his men, saying he would go to Cyprus to improve the food supply: but crusader sources find this hard to believe. Anna Komnene says that he was frightened off by Bohemond, who wanted Antioch for himself: Bohemond told him of rumours that Tatikios was about to be killed by anti-Byzantine crusaders, who believed that Kerbogha was sent by Alexios
Certainty: 3 Envoys (probably mythical) from Egypt announced capture of Jerusalem & fought against Ridwan. The ruler of Egypt, hearing of the crusaders' plans during the siege of Antioch sent 15 multilingual envoys to announce his recapture of Jerusalem and plans to restore Christianity and even to consider conversion for himself. His treaty with the crusaders would survive even if he did not convert; his envoys urged the crusaders to defend the rights of Alexios 1 before leaving Antioch. His envoys took part in the cavalry battle against a relief army [of Ridwan of Aleppo], and were conducted (with rich gifts) to the port of St Symeon by a party which took supplies back to Antioch and only just escaped destruction in an ambush
Certainty: 3 Defeat of Muslim army sent by Ridwan of Aleppo to relieve Antioch. At the prompting of Yaghi Siyan of Antioch, Ridwan of Aleppo (not named) gathered a substantial army to relieve Antioch. Godfrey of Bouillon and Adhemar of le Puy took the lead in organising the defence. Bohemond's Turkish godson and Walter of Domedart were the scouts who tracked the approach of the enemy. Since the number of fit horses was limited (some were away at distant pastures), they gathered a select cavalry force, whose commanders were Bohemond, Godfrey, Stephen of Blois, Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, Roger of Barneville and Tancred. They concealed their small numbers by having many standards appearing from behind a small hill on the battlefield, suggesting an ambush. A sudden attack in God's name was successful, scattering the Muslim army and winning plunder and fit horses. Conan of Lamballe, mentioned as the only significant crusader casualty, appears in other sources later in the story
Certainty: 3 A moral crusade among the besiegers coincided with an improvement in Duke Godfrey's health. At a moment of despair among the crusaders, Adhemar of le Puy adopted a religious solution to problems of the army at Antioch, holding a fast (when there was no food), banning prostitutes and illicit sex, intoxication, dangerous games, swearing and fraud, with stiff penalties, which were applied. At the same moment Duke Godfrey's health improved, causing a major boost in confidence. He and Raymond of Toulouse went out on separate foraging expeditions, but the local people had now learned how to hide their supplies and little was brought back
Certainty: 3 Vain ambush by defenders of Antioch to seize building materials coming from St Symeon. A group was sent to the coast to escort Egyptian envoys, and return with pilgrims [building materials] from a Genoese [British] fleet: they were Bohemond, Raymond of Toulouse, Everard of Le Puiset and Garnier of Grez. When ambushed, they fought well but had to leave hundreds of pilgrims [the building materials] to their fate. There was a rumour in the main army that all had been massacred. Godfrey of Bouillon gathered the whole army for revenge, appointing as leaders Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Hugh of Vermandois and Eustace of Boulogne, speaking inspiringly. Bohemond and Raymond then arrived alive to a tearful welcome. Godfrey's plan, approved by Bohemond and Raymond, was to ambush the Turkish ambushers near Antioch; under determined attack the Turks were routed, while Godfrey waited by the gate and cut them off from the city. Yaghi-Siyan inside Antioch rejoiced at the crusader defeat, but soon realised it was being overturned. He collected all those in the city at the Gate of the Bridge for a sortie to help. For a time he shut the gate, to encourage resistance, but Turkish losses were such that he had to open it again; more troops drowned in a panic-stricken crossing of the bridge [Note: this probably conflates two events in the siege]
Certainty: 3 Revolt of Armenians against (orthodox) Thoros of Edessa gave power there to Baldwin as count. Thoros had invited and welcomed Baldwin, but later became grudging and jealous. Hearing that Baldwin would leave, the people of Edessa insisted that Thoros retain him at any cost. Feeling it dangerous to object, he publicly adopted Baldwin as his son and heir, with half revenues till his own death. But Thoros was still unpopular. His age and weakness made him less attractive to the Edessenes than Baldwin, especially as in the past he had extorted money by recourse to the Turks. A powerful noble, Konstantinos, was called on to have Thoros killed in favour of Baldwin. The crowd besieged Thoros' house, and he in terror sought Baldwin's help, offering rich payment. However, despite Baldwin's efforts, the crowd would not be calmed. When Baldwin suggested that Thoros do what he could to save his life, he tried to escape by climbing down a rope, but he was shot with many arrows and his corpse mutilated. Baldwin was ceremonially appointed in his place
Certainty: 3 Birth of Zoe (daughter of Alexios I). Another daughter, Zoe, was born to Alexios I
Certainty: 3 Guynemer of Boulogne captured Laodikeia, but was defeated & imprisoned by imperial troops. Guynemer of Boulogne, the ex-pirate, left the crusaders at Mopsuestia, and later sailed to Laodikeia, which he besieged and took. But the troops of Alexios I recaptured the city and imprisoned him. The crusaders at Antioch got no benefit from his fleet, indeed knew nothing of events. His fleet was confiscated. Godfrey of Bouillon arrived later and asked the Byzantines of Laodikeia to release him and return the fleet, which they did. Guynemer followed Godfrey's orders to shadow the army down the coast
Certainty: 3 Yaghi Siyan of Antioch sent his son with Kilic Arslan to Khorasan to seek help. Yaghi Siyan of Antioch held a council after the crusader victory on the bridge. Kilic Arslan I was sent to Khorasan to seek help from the Sultan (Barkiyaruq, not named in Western sources) and his deputy Kerbogha, taking Shams al-Dawla, Copatrix, Adorsonius and 12 legates. Kilic Arslan was to seek help on his journey from Ridwan and Pulagit, allies of Yaghi Siyan, then to confirm information taken to Khorasan by Buldagis when the siege began; he received sealed letters confirming his appeal. The sultan treated Kilic Arslan's narrative with mirth, thinking the Turks irresistable and his losses derisory. But Yaghi Siyan's letters listed crusader kingdoms and armies, so the Sultan took him seriously and called a meeting of his amirs. Kerbogha too disbelieved the words of Kilic Arslan, Shams al-Dawla and Buldagis, remembering the battle of Kibotos (at which he claimed to have been present), where the prowess of Peter the Hermit and his men proved limited. Kilic Arslan replied by distinguishing the Byzantines and the troops of Peter from hardened crusaders who were well-armed, confident, good cavalry, able to besiege fortresses, industrious and with stamina. Kerbogha responded briefly that he would exterminate the crusaders in six months, and immediately began to order men, equipment and supplies for a massive expedition. He summoned Pulagit, Ridwan of Aleppo, Duqaq of Damascus, Amasa of Niz, Boesas, Amasa of Curzh, Balas of Saruj, Balduk of Samosata and Karageth. They were to appear with full equipment on the appointed day. Other sources add Janah al-Dawla and Waththab b. Mahmud, and make the meeting place Marj Dabiq
Certainty: 3 Two castles completed the blockade of Antioch, preventing large-scale importation of food. With building materials saved from the ambush, two castles were built outside Antioch to prevent the large-scale importation of food. One was on a hill above Bohemond's camp, guarded by the men of Hugh the Great, the other on a hill outside the west gate of Antioch. No crusader wanted the responsibility of manning this fort: Tancred was chosen, but pleaded poverty. Therefore Raymond gave him 300 marks for building the fort and 40 per month for its maintainance. Tancred successfully kept it up till the end of the siege. A noble Turkish youth was captured, and negotiations began to win entry to Antioch as his ransom. However Shams al-Dawla, son of Yaghi Siyan, got to hear of the affair and stopped it. The youth was therefore tortured and executed. The forts and the defat of the army of Ridwan raised the spectre of starvation in the city. Yaghi Siyan commandeered half of all private grain supplies for military use
Certainty: 3 Money, horses, weapons & supplies sent from Edessa to the besiegers of Antioch. Baldwin of Edessa sent money, horses, weapons and supplies to the crusaders at Antioch, via his secretary Gerard. Particular beneficiaries were Baldwin's brother, Godfrey of Bouillon, who received all the revenues of Tell Bashir, Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy and Raymond of Toulouse
Certainty: 2 Leaders of the besiegers established themselves in surrounding areas to gain food. At a moment of starvation, the leaders naturally tried to occupy food-producing areas from which they could bring regular supplies to the besiegers. Most of the areas seem to have been fertile valleys, though not all the settlement names my be identified
Certainty: 3 Baldwin of Edessa won Samosata & Saruj. When Baldwin took over at Edessa, the first demand of the populace was to attack Balduk of Samosata, to free them from exploitation and liberate their child hostages. He distributed weapons and attacked. After several assaults he decided the defences were too strong and withdrew, leaving knights in a nearby fort to harry the defenders. His energy so impressed Balduk that he offered him Samosata at a huge price; pondering its defensive strength, he bought it, recovering the hostages and winning admiration and loyalty at Edessa. He also besieged Saruj, ruled by the emir Balas, who had harmed Edessa. Baldwin attacked the walls with engines, so that the defenders made peace on guarantee of safety. He garrisoned Saruj, imposed a yearly tribute and returned to Edessa in triumph. Balas tried to capture Baldwin by a trick, but in fact took twelve knights, many of whom escaped with the aid of Fulcher, the governor of Saruj. Balduk promised to bring his family to live in Edessa, but constantly delayed, with excuses. Baldwin beheaded him, to encourage the keeping of promises
Certainty: 3 Disastrous crusade of Sven of Denmark. Sven of Denmark passionately wanted to join the crusade, but he set out late and had private problems, so that he did not catch up. He reached Constantinople, was well received by Alexios I, and continued safely to Nicaea. He hurried on to help in the siege of Antioch. But continuing on his separate journey he camped without adequate care betwen Philomelion and Ferma (?). Attacked in his sleep by a large force of Turks, he awoke, but too late, and was massacred with his men - though they inflicted heavy losses. A noblewoman, Florina of Burgundy, was with him and died in the massacre
Certainty: 3 Death of Usama's uncle, 'Izz al-Dawla Nasr, lord of Shayzar; accession of his uncle Sultan.
Certainty: 3 Kerbogha of Mosul, en route to save Antioch, spent three weeks in a vain attempt to capture Edessa. Baldwin of Edessa, hearing that Kerbogha of Mosul had been sent by a Persian prince with a vast polyglot army to save Antioch and destroy the crusaders, prepared Edessa with food, weapons and men for a siege. Baldwin held out successfully for three weeks, when Kerbogha was persuaded to abandon the siege and go on to Antioch. By giving the crusaders time to capture Antioch Baldwin saved them, without going there in person
Certainty: 3 Assembly of crusading chiefs decided to try to capture Antioch, not go to meet Kerbogha. An anxious meeting of crusader chiefs discussed the threat posed by Kerbogha, news of whose approach had been gathered by Clarembald of Vendeuil, Drogo of Nesle, Ivo of Gransmesnil and Reinhard of Toul. The leaders debated whether to go to meet them in battle, or stay and try to capture Antioch. The dilemma was solved by Bohemond
Certainty: 3 Byzantine preparations for participation in crusade: capture of Smyrna but assassination of governor. Alexios I was keen to join the crusaders at Antioch, but could not leave the coast of Asia Minor behind him in Turkish hands. He sent Ioannes Doukas to Abydos, where he made Kaspax commander of the fleet whilst he himself took over the land forces. He was given the captive daughter of Chaka (wife of Kilic Arslan I), and caused despair by using her to prove the capture of Nicaea. Kaspax was promised rule in Smyrna if Byzantine forces took it; they did, and he was made doux of Smyrna by Ioannes, but was soon assassinated by a Syrian Saracen. The Syrian had been accused by an inhabitant of Smyrna of stealing money; as he was brought into court he panicked and stabbed Kaspax in the stomach, then wounded his brother in the thigh. He escaped himself but provoked a major massacre by the sailors in Smyrna. Ioannes Doukas directed his attention to restoring order in Smyrna after the assassination and the massacre, and appointed Hyaleas as doux
Certainty: 3 Poverty & squabbles in the siege of Antioch. Raymond of Toulouse, despite his reputation for meanness, funded Tancred to build a fort and gave money to Adhemar for fresh horses for the army; in particular, after much pleading, he gave Godfrey a horse to ride in the battle. Godfrey himself fed Hartmann of Dillingen and Henry of Esch, who might otherwise have starved to death. Robert of Flanders, depite his military prowess, was often reduced to begging for a horse. A representative of Alexios I played a role in getting food from Byzantine islands, especially Cyprus. At another level, Nichosios, an Armenian governor, out of respect for Baldwin of Edessa, sent a beautiful pavilion to Godfrey, which was siezed by Pakrad and converted into a gift from himself to Bohemond. Godfrey learned the truth and, taking his friend Robert of Flanders, went to see Bohemond to sort out the affair. He would later have revenge on Pakrad
Certainty: 3 Ioannes Doukas defeated the defenders of Ephesos, taking many prisoners, who were put on the islands. Ioannes Doukas left the fleet at Smyrna and marched with the land forces on Ephesos, where he immediately attacked. He defeated the amirs (satraps) of Ephesos Tangripermes and Marakes after a battle lasting most of a day, inflicting many casualties and taking two thousand prisoners, who on the orders of Alexios I were scattered among the islands. Ioannes left Petzeas as governor of Ephesos
Certainty: 2 Stephen of Blois left the siege of Antioch: other major desertions. At the rumours of the arrival of Kerbogha of Mosul, Stephen of Blois left camp with his large company, pretending sickness, and went to Alexandretta or Tarsos, in Cilicia, saying he would recuperate and return. In fact, he was hedging his bets: if the crusaders were victorious, he would go back to camp as cured; if they were defeated, he had ships ready to take him home. Other leaders pitied him for incurring disgrace, but decreed punishment and perpetual infamy for any who followed his example. However several significant leaders were able to make their escape while they could: Aubrey of Grandmesnil, Guy Trousseau, Lambert the Poor, William the Carpenter of Melun and William of Grandmesnil. Their tents were turned into public latrines. They met Stephen of Blois, and tended to exaggerate the horrors of the siege in order to justify their own desertion
Certainty: 3 Bohemond revealed his negotiations over the surrender of Antioch. Bohemond made a revelation [in different ways in nearly every different source] that he was in contact with Firuz, an Armenian high in the administration of Antioch, who was willing to betray the city for money and estates. [The reasons for Firuz's extreme disaffection also vary from source to source.] But he would only betray Antioch to Bohemond himself, whom he had learned to trust, as sole ruler. [Fulcher of Chartres makes the traitor a Turk, visited by visions of the Christian God. Ralph of Caen makes him a Christian convert to Islam.] Firuz would not run the risk for any others unknown to him. He would need to be paid a huge sum of money; Bohemond's Turkish godson (also called Bohemond) had played a major role in negotiations, and would also need substantial payment, which could only be guaranteed if the city was given to his godfather. Bohemond took the other major leaders aside and demanded that this plan be put into action. Firuz's proviso, that Bohemond alone rule Antioch, won the assent of Godfrey, Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders and Hugh of Vermandois; but William of Tyre makes Raymond of Toulouse refuse, causing a dangerous delay. No alternative proposals were forthcoming. [In some sources the city was offered as a prize to whichever crusader was responsible for its capture, which brought the same result.]
Certainty: 3 Surrender of Antioch by treachery to Bohemond; sack of the city. Bohemond, confirmed in possession of Antioch despite the dissent of Raymond of Toulouse, had to act quickly. He proposed to Firuz that the plan be activated the following night. Firuz had just been confirmed (in one of several ways) in his decision to betray Antioch, and made a detailed plan: the next day all leaders should march out as if to face Kerbogha, but return after nightfall, to act around midnight. The boy brought the plan to a meeting of chiefs, and it was approved. Firuz was called for questioning by Yaghi Siyan, but diverted suspicion. He discovered that his brother did not support him, so he murdered him. The attackers were guided through the mountains to the right spot by Bohemond's Turkish godson, and preparations were quietly made in Greek, via a translator. When the guard had done his rounds, Firuz called the crusaders up a rope ladder into his tower. Bohemond climbed first, then Tancred [unlikely] and Robert of Flanders [or, in another version Gouel (Fulcher) of Chartres]. The Franks moved from tower to tower, then through the city, killing and looting. Few Muslims survived, and local Christians too were at risk. Anna Komnene's version has not been given credence: when Antioch was taken, the Turks fled out of another gate, where they were pursued and injured by Tancred. At dinner that night, Bohemond, observed by Robert of Flanders and Eustace of Boulogne, performed a miracle with a candle, signifying the untimely death of Bohemond II
Certainty: 2 The fate of Yaghi Siyan & his family. Before the wife of Yaghi Siyan awoke on the morning of the capture of Antioch, she was found and captured by William of Montpellier, together with her two grandchildren by her son Shams al-Dawla. The three were later ransomed by Shams al-Dawla himself, at the price of 3,000 bezants. Yaghi Siyan fled from the city as soon as he heard the cry from the mountain which meant that the Franks had entered. He assumed that the citadel too had been taken. He escaped with a group of other refugees, but all were to be killed. He was beheaded by one or more Armenians or Syrian Christians, and his head was returned to the Franks in the city. News of the murder reached the towns of 'Imm and Innib so that the Muslim population fled, and Armenians took over their property
Certainty: 3 Kerbogha of Mosul encamped outside Antioch. Kerbogha of Mosul arrived after failure at Edessa, leaving little time to prepare the city after its capture, as the area's resources had been consumed in the long siege. When Kerbogha and the Syrian leaders heard of the fall of Antioch but the survival of the citadel in Muslim hands, they quickened their pace. An initial skirmish killed Roger of Barneville, avenged by Tancred. Kerbogha's army filled the region, and gradually cut off all ingress and egress. Ahmad b. Marwan was put in charge of the citadel as Kerbogha's governor. Kerbogha attacked the fort near the east gate and beat off an attempt by Godfrey of Bouillon to help it. He could not camp on the mountain for lack of fodder, but began a tight siege from the plain. Some Turks climbed a tower, and were desperately beaten off by Henry of Esch, with Franco and Sigemar of Mechelen
Certainty: 3 Ioannes Doukas left Ephesos & captured Sardis & Philadelphia, reaching Laodikeia. In his continuing pursuit of the Turkish survivors from the battle at Ephesos, Ioannes Doukas captured Sardis & Philadelphia, where he appointed Michael Kekaumenos as governor. He then went on to Laodikeia, where the populace willingly ceded him the town. He left them in charge of their own affairs, not even appointing a governor
Certainty: 3 Ioannes Doukas took Choma & Lampe & defeated the Turkish survivors at Polybotos. Leaving Sardis and Philadelphia, Ioannes Doukas followed the defeated Turks from Ephesos, taking Choma and Lampe en route. He made Eustathios Kamytzes strategos of Lampe. He finally caught the Turks at Polybotos, where they were unloading their baggage. He killed many and won a good deal of booty
Certainty: 3 Alexios I retreated from Philomelion after bad news from Antioch & warnings of a Turkish invasion. Alexios I had to leave to reinforce Antioch before Ioannes Doukas returned from his expedition to the coastal cities. He arrived at Philomelion with a large army of his own, plus many Latins who for various reasons had not travelled with the crusade. Stephen of Blois (with some later deserters including William of Grandmesnil, William the Carpenter and Petros Aliphas) found him there, having put into a suitable port, and was greeted as an old friend. Stephen, partly in self-justification, painted a very black picture of the situation at Antioch, using as evidence the withdrawal of Tatikios and the first-hand report of William of Grandmesnil, and giving a graphic idea of the size of Kerbogha's army. Bohemond's brother Guy of Hauteville protested, but was silenced by William. Alexios' first reaction was to plan a swift march to Antioch: but then, hearing of another huge army from Chorasan marching against him under Ishmael, the sultan's son, he decided with his advisors to turn back; he took with him most of the population of the Philomelion area and devastated border provinces to provide an obstacle. His decision was an important turning-point
Certainty: 3 The Franks now defending Antioch beat off attacks from the citadel. After the crusaders had captured Antioch, the weakest part of the fortifications was that between the city and the citadel, which was still in Turkish hands. A deep ditch and rampart were built to protect the city at this point, largely by Raymond of Toulouse and Bohemond. A major attack was made from the citadel on the city, and Bohemond, who was on duty with with Everard of Le Puiset, Radulf of Fontaines, Raimbold Croton, Peter, son of Gisla and Aubrey and Ivo of Grandmesnil, was placed in a very difficult position: but Robert of Flanders and Robert of Normandy rushed up to beat off the attackers
Certainty: 3 Hunger & despair during the siege of Antioch by Kerbogha. The crusaders began to starve in Antioch, and gnawed leather and ate other unusual substances: the price of meat rose to absurd heights. Godfrey of Bouillon paid 15 marks of silver for the flesh of a camel and his steward Baldric three marks for a she-goat. Alexios I's retreat from Philomelion shocked the besieged, and some lesser leaders planned to escape, leaving ordinary crusaders to their fate. Kerbogha, by contrast, became bolder still. Godfrey, Bohemond, Robert of Flanders and Adhemar of le Puy stressed the religious duty to stay and also the difficulty and danger of escape, and at the same time reinforced the guards at the gates with experienced men. The memory of William of Grandmesnil and his fellow-traitors was cursed ever more fiercely
Certainty: 3 Peter Bartholomew found the holy lance that pierced Christ's side. Peter Bartholomew told Adhemar and Raymond of Toulouse that St Andrew had appeared to him in dreams several times, asking him urgently to tell the chiefs that the lance that pierced Christ's side was buried in church of Hagios Petros in Antioch, and should be dug up. The issue was placed before the chiefs, who agreed to the digging. An appropriate piece of metal was found, and greatly increased morale. However the lance did not convince Bohemond, and the latter's arguments were supported by Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, Arnulf of Choques and Tancred. This became a divisive issue, especially between Raymond and Bohemond
Certainty: 3 Embassy of Peter the Hermit to Kerbogha ended in failure. After 26 days of siege, following the discovery of the lance by Peter Bartolomew, it was decided to send ambassadors to Kerbogha. The only volunteer for the task was Peter the Hermit. Herluin and others acted as interpreters. Peter offered Kerbogha the chance to convert to Christianity and become lord of Antioch, with the crusaders as his servants. Kerbogha refused, telling Peter to become a Muslim. Peter also offered Kerbogha combat between twenty champions on each side, the losers to withdraw. Kerbogha ignored the suggestion and promised life to immature crusaders of both sexes, but for the rest his huge supply of chains, and death. Peter returned to the crusader camp to report that Kerbogha had chosen war, not peace. When he was giving a public account of the embassy, Godfrey stopped him from reporting all the Turk's haughty replies, for reasons of morale. After nearly a month of siege, battle was now the only recourse. Adhemar of Le Puy suggested giving as much grain as possible to their famished horses, and they did
Certainty: 3 Dissension in Kerbogha's army outside Antioch. Ridwan of Aleppo sent envoys to Antioch, making Duqaq of Damascus suspicious. The maneuvering of Ridwan and his envoys led to many Turcomans quitting the Muslim army and some emirs becoming suspicious of each other. Meanwhile Yusuf b. Abaq, his brother and their friends frightened Janah al-Dawla, amir of Homs. Waththab b. Mahmud suffered rivalry between the Turks and Arabs in his army. When the Frankish army finally left Antioch, Waththab advised against letting them go, while others suggested allowing them out so as to kill them in turn, one after the other. There was finally a major battle between the Turcomans and the rest of the Muslim army, which the Turcomans won. Kerbogha was left alone with a few soldiers; he therefore set fire to his encampment and his tent and fled toward Aleppo. Though at first the Franks held back, thinking it a trick, the remains of his camp were soon looted and those too late to escape were killed. [Does this reflect real dissension, or an attempt to reduce the spectacular quality of the Christian victory?]
Certainty: 3 Numbered divisions of the crusaders in the attack from Antioch against Kerbogha. Corps 1: Hugh of Vermandois, Anselm of Ribemont; Corps 2: Robert of Flanders and followers; Corps 3: Robert of Normandy, Stephen of Aumale and followers; Corps 4: Adhemar of le Puy with his own men and those of the sick Raymond of Toulouse; Corps 5: Reinhard of Toul, Peter of Astenois, Garnier of Grez, Henry of Esch, Reinhard of Hamersbach and Walter of St-Valery; Corps 6: Raimbold of Orange, Louis of Mousson and Lambert of Montaigu; Corps 7: Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Eustace; Corps 8: Tancred of Hauteville; Corps 9: Hugh of St Pol, Engelrand of St Pol, Thomas of La Fere, Baldwin, son of Hugh of Rethel, Robert, son of Gerard, Rainald of Beauvais and Galo of Calvo Monte; Corps 10: Rotrou of Perche, Everard of Le Puiset, Drogo of Mouchy-le-Chatel, Ruthard, son of Godfrey and Conan of Lamballe; Corps 11: Isoard of Die, Raymond Pilet, Gaston of Bearn, Gerard of Rousillion, William of Montpellier and William Amanieu; Corps 12: Bohemond and his men, the largest and rearmost corps, ordered to help others when needed and watch for those under special pressure
Certainty: 3 Victorious attack on the army of Kerbogha outside Antioch, which broke up in panic. As the crusaders prepared to fight Kerbogha by confession and communion, Adhemar and his clerics raised morale by circulating with crosses and images of the saints, promising indulgences, with fasting, prayer and alms. Once the formation was complete, Hugh of Vermandois led it out with Robert of Flanders and Robert of Normandy; behind, the cavalry followed the infantry, plundering being banned till victory was won. They first defeated a Turkish attempt to stop them leaving Antioch. As battle began, Anselm of Ribemont attacked so spectacularly as to leave an unforgettable mark of heroism. He was well supported by Hugh of Vermandois, Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, Baldwin of Hainault and Eustace of Boulogne. Kerbogha heard that the crusaders had left Antioch and defeated his advance party. [Fulcher of Chartres and Ralph of Caen reported that he decided, too late, to accept the proposals of Peter the Hermit.] When the crusader lines were complete he stopped playing chess and skilfully but contemptuously drew up his own army, sending shorewards an elite corps under Kilic Arslan I, to crush the crusaders as they fled. The front line of the crusaders pushed the enemy back over a stream. As this frontal attack succeeded, Kilic Arslan attacked Bohemond in the rear, burning stubble to sow confusion; Bohemond, despite personal bravery and the support of Robert FitzGerard and his standard, which showed the Cross, was nearly defeated. But Godfrey and Tancred came to aid him, and were eventually victorious. When the Turks made a stand on a small hill against the crusaders' front line, they were dislodged
Certainty: 3 The end of the battle for Antioch. When the battle was won, Raymond of Toulouse and Adhemar of Le Puy were among the first to stop fighting and turn to the splendid booty of every kind. The fabulous wealth of the Muslim camp fell into crusader hands, while many of the infantry and non-combatants were slaughtered. Kerbogha stood stupified till his own position became dangerous, then rushed to the Euphrates by relays of horses, completing the defeat. Few crusaders dared follow the enemy with their weakened horses, but Tancred and others pursued them for some miles till sunset, maybe as far as Harim or even Artah, increasing the casualties. Shams al-Dawla, son of Yaghi Siyan, abandoned the citadel of Antioch and fled over the mountains. Kerbogha's governor of the citadel, Ahmad b. Marwan, remained there with some colleagues, till the Franks sent an envoy offering a safe-conduct and he handed the citadel over. As he left with a Frankish escort, Armenians attacked the party and killed some of them; however Ahmad was able to escape and to reach Aleppo. Artah was surrendered to Raymond of Toulouse, on the recommendation of some of the defenders, who were Provencal converts to Islam
Certainty: 3 Arrangements made for government of Antioch. The lordship of Antioch fell to Bohemond, as promised, but Raymond of Toulouse kept up his resistance. Bohemond made his residence in the citadel on the mountain, while Raymond continued to hold the fortress near the bridge and some nearby towers. Later, Bohemond and Tancred exploited Raymond's absence at Ma'arrat al-Nu'man (and Godfrey's at the Euphrates) to capture Raymond's remaining possessions and complete Bohemond's conquest. In the ecclesiastical sphere, Ioannes IV/V, patriarch of Antioch, was restored to power, having often been shackled by the Turks during the siege, and even hung from the walls to insult the Christians. Ioannes had no Latin rival while he remained, as that would be uncanonical; but just two years later he realised that a Greek could not usefully rule Latins, and voluntarily went to Constantinople
Certainty: 3 Embassy of Baldwin of Hainault & Hugh of Vermandois to Alexios I. After victory in the great battle against Kerbogha, Baldwin of Hainault and Hugh of Vermandois were sent to Alexios I as envoys, to ask him to fulfil their agreement and follow them quickly to Jerusalem, or they would no longer be bound by their oaths. They were to claim release from their agreements because Alexios had listened to deserters and acted falsely. Baldwin and Hugh were ambushed near Nicaea by mixed race Tourkopouloi. Baldwin was traveling just in front of Hugh, who saw him shot and killed or captured, but himself escaped; the manner of Baldwin's death is unknown. Hugh delivered the message to Alexios. But then he besmirched the fame he had won on crusade. He did not report the result of his mission nor return, a serious dereliction for one of high rank. Another version sends Hugh from Antioch straight to Tarsos and death in 1098, for treatment for a wound
Certainty: 3 "Ishmael", whose approach made Alexios I retreat, attacked Paipert, held by Theodoros Gabras . The sultan of Khorasan sent his son, Ishmael, with considerable forces to prevent Alexios I from relieving Antioch. When Alexios retreated from Philomelion, having lost his main target, he diverted his attack to Paipert, which had just been taken by Theodoros Gabras
Certainty: 3 Epidemic in Antioch: death of the papal representative Adhemar of Le Puy. After the victory over Kerbogha, a deadly epidemic broke out at Antioch. Its most distinguished victim was Adhemar of le Puy, papal representative on the crusade. He was was mourned profoundly by all, and honourably buried in Hagios Petros in Antioch, at the spot where the lance was found. After Adhemar's death, the crusaders wrote to Urban II: Bohemond, whose signature came first, probably inspired the letter. It gave a brief narrative of events so far, and asked Urban, since his representative had died, to come to the east and lead the crusade himself. It expresses confidence in the defeat of the pagans, but puzzlement over how to treat the eastern Christians
Certainty: 3 Recapture of Jerusalem by the Egyptians. Egypt had previously lost Jerusalem to the invasion of only 300 Turks, whose leader was Sukman ibn Artuq. The ruler of Egypt decided to take it back, so during the Christian siege of Antioch he sent an invasion force which succeeded in defeating Sukman in heavy fighting, with losses on both sides. Sukman surrendered the city and left for Damascus. The Egyptian ruler then went to Jerusalem reverently, without turning any Christians away from their observances, as he informed the crusaders outside Antioch. He wanted them to help him avoid recapture of Jerusalem from Damascus. But all his promises to the crusaders turned out to be lies: he defended Jerusalem with weapons and soldiers so as to deny it to Christian pilgrims. It was necessary, with God's help, to slaughter the Muslims before entry could be gained
Certainty: 3 Crusaders supported the emir of 'Azaz against his overlord, Ridwan of Aleppo. Ridwan, ruler of Aleppo, suffered constant annoyance from the ruler of 'Azaz, his subordinate. He therefore decided to capture 'Azaz, ordering his other subject rulers to gather there for an attack. The ruler of 'Azaz sought aid from Godfrey at Antioch, who at first was suspicious, but later was persuaded when the ruler delivered his son Muhammad as a hostage. He sent his agreement by carrier pigeon. Godfrey also called his brother Baldwin from Edessa. Baldwin came with large forces, advising Godfrey to involve the other crusaders. But Bohemond and Raymond of Toulouse at first refused to join Godfrey and Baldwin, jealous that the invitation had not come to them also. At another level, the wife of Folbert of Bouillon was captured when her husband was killed on the road from Antioch to Edessa, and she was taken to 'Azaz. The Turkish commander of mercenaries at 'Azaz was smitten by her appearance, and asked to be married to her in lieu of wages. This was done, and the bridegroom became a strong advocate of 'Azaz's new Frankish alliance. Godfrey pleaded the need for crusader cohesion, and persuaded Bohemond and Raymond to bring their armies to 'Azaz, making too large a show of force for Ridwan to continue his attack. He disbanded his army after a vain attempt to ambush the crusaders, which caused casualties on both sides. After the withdrawal of Ridwan, the ruler of 'Azaz publicly thanked Godfrey for his help, and the two swore everlasting alliance; he received from Godfrey as a gift a beautiful helmet and hauberk belonging to Heribrand of Bouillon. Despite careful treatment, the ruler's son Muhammad would die: but he accepted Godfrey's explanations, and did not break their alliance
Certainty: 1 Death of Alexios I's youngest daughter Zoe, maybe soon after baptism.
Certainty: 3 Consolidation of crusader power around Antioch. During the plague in Antioch, the leaders spent time away from the city. Godfrey and many others went to the area of Edessa in the north. Godfrey sent knights against the brothers Pakrad and Kogh Vasil. Bohemond went to Cilicia, took over Tarsos, Adana, Mopsuestia and Anazarbos, and claimed the whole region. He began to call himself "prince" of Antioch. Raymond of Toulouse besieged Albara, two days' journey from Antioch
Certainty: 3 Godfrey of Bouillon captured Armenian forts in the hills towards Edessa. Godfrey of Bouillon paid a visit to the territory of Edessa, especially that west of the Euphrates, around Tell Bashir, 'Ayn Tab and Ravendel, whose revenues Baldwin granted to him. There he heard complaints about the brothers Pankratios and Kogh Vasil, who made extortionate demands on the local populace west of the Euphrates, especially monasteries, and even appropriated a gift sent to Godfrey by Nichosios, a friend of Baldwin. Godfrey sent knights and in revenge concentrated on each of their two nearby strongholds in turn and razed them to the ground
Certainty: 3 Many crusaders went north to Edessa, causing some problems for Baldwin. After the defeat of Kerbogha and the 'Azaz campaign Baldwin played host to many crusaders fleeing the plague at Antioch, showing amazing generosity. They included Drogo of Nesle, Fulcher of Chartres, Gaston of Beziers and Reinhard of Toul. However the numbers of visiting Franks and their haughty attitude made Baldwin unpopular. The embarrassment increased as most were impoverished and demanded gifts, though they greatly increased his military power; at the same time his neglected Armenian subjects began conspiracies. He was warned by Enzhu, a faithful Armenian, and others of plotting against him from among the Armenians of Edessa, and sent French servants to arrest the guilty and confiscate their wealth, which he used to pay for military service from the Frankish visitors. He became estranged from his father-in-law Taphnuz, who had not fully paid his daughter's dowry, and so feared punishment. He fled to his castles in the mountains
Certainty: 3 Despatch of Pisan fleet with Daimbert of Pisa, to replace Adhemar of le Puy. The Pisans sent a large fleet to help the progress of the crusade. On it was Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, sent by the pope to replace Adhemar of le Puy as papal legate on the crusade
Certainty: 3 Capture by crusaders of Albara & Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, with slaughter of whole population. Raymond of Toulouse soon captured Albara and all its territory, slaughtering all the defenders. He appointed Peter of Narbonne as bishop, giving him half of Albara, as the first Latin bishop in east, having him consecrated in Antioch. As the crusaders were impatient to move on to Jerusalem, the leaders then had them besiege Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, to keep them occupied. The siege was begun by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Eustace, Raymond of Toulouse, Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy and Tancred, and was soon joined with reinforcements by Bohemond. There was no food, and there are many reports of cannibalism, eating the corpses of enemies. Eventually the town fell. Gouffier de Lastours was the first to climb the siege ladder. The entire population was slaughtered. There was a dispute over its ownership between Raymond, who wanted to give it to Peter of Narbonne, and Bohemond, who wanted to use it in negotiations over Antioch. Peter took over, Bohemond went and captured the towers Raymond held in Antioch. Peter could not stop the impatient crusaders from demolishing the town walls of Ma'arrat al-Nu'man so as to avoid further delay. Engelrand of St Pol died there of disease
Certainty: 3 Kale, widow of Symbatios Pakourianos, made her will & bequeathed Radolibos to Iveron. Kale, widow of Symbatios Pakourianos, made an elaborate will, with bequests to more than 30 persons and to Iviron. Most of those receiving bequests were her kin, but other members of the household, including servants, received gifts of lower value. Many bequests involve money, but decorated bowls, fabrics and a book were also given. At the lower social levels, for example her manumitted slaves of both sexes, animals played a major part. The bequest of Radolibos to Iviron would soon involve the detailed documentation of the village
Certainty: 3 Will of Kale, widow of Symbatios Pakourianos: bequests to ex-slaves. Much of Kale's will involves her ex-slaves, whom she had freed earlier and kept in her service until her death, whereupon they were to become free Roman citizens able to go and work where they wished. There were eight named females and seven males. The bequests made to them included their existing clothes, bedding, weapons and other possessions. She now added considerable sums of cash and specific items of clothing, with extra textiles for the females and farm animals for the males
Certainty: 3 Will of Kale, widow of Symbatios Pakourianos: executors & witnesses. Five people specially close to her, all recipients of bequests, were asked to be the executors of the will, to carry out its full stipulations. Seven persons were given small bequests as witnesses to the will. One of these is mentioned as the scribe of the will and its copy. There was bureacratic confirmation of the identity of the original and copy, and of the material relevant to Radolibos
Certainty: 3 Pisan fleet carrying Daimbert attacked Ionian Islands: reactions of Byzantines. Daimbert, bishop of Pisa, sent a substantial squadron of his fleet to ravage the Ioanian Islands, Kerkyra, Leukas, Kephallenia and Zakynthos. When visiting Kephallenia with a fleet, he ordered the sailors to kill Greek Christians. (This crime later led to one of the charges at the council which deposed and excommunicated him as patriarch of Jerusalem.) Hearing of these attacks, the emperor ordered many ships to be built throughout the empire (a large number in Constantinople), often visiting the shipyards and himself advising the builders. They were fitted out to belch Greek fire through the mouths of terrifying, brightly-decorated animals. Knowing the Pisans' naval expertise, he put Tatikios (recently returned from Antioch) in charge of the terrifying new ships, while Landulf, himself an expert in naval warfare, was to be commander-in-chief of the fleet
Certainty: 3 Naval expedition of Landulf to Laodikeia. Landulf and the fleet left Constantinople at the end of April, reached Samos and there beached the ships to make them seaworthy by caulking; when they heard of the arrival of the Pisans, they followed them as far as Kos. The Byzantine fleet reached Kos in the evening, but missed the Pisans, who had arrived in the morning. They then continued to Knidos on the Anatolian coast: there they learned from some Pisans who had been left behind that their fleet had sailed to Rhodes. The Byzantine fleet caught up with the Pisans between Patara and Rhodes. The Pisans prepared for battle, but were surprised by a lightning attack by the Peloponnesian count Perichytes, who, as soon as he caught sight of the enemy, immediately rowed at speed toward them, cutting through their centre, then returning to the Byzantine fleet. In a disorganised attack on the Pisans, Landulf was the first to approach a Pisan ship, but failed to hit it with Greek fire, which was wasted, scattered over the sea. Count Eleemon boldly attacked a large Pisan ship, but got into difficulties, entangled in its rudder; however he burned it with Greek fire, got free and managed to set alight three other enemy ships. Raids by individuals like this, the downward projection of the fire, unexpected by the Pisans, and a sudden dangerous wind-shift made the enemy flee. After the battle, the Byzantine fleet first put into a tiny island called Seutlos; but it left there at daybreak and sailed to Rhodes, where all disembarked with their prisoners, one of whom was Bohemond's nephew. When threats to sell them as slaves or execute them had no effect, they drew their swords and slaughtered them all. Pisan survivors from the sea-battle ravaged further islands on their route to Palestine, especially Cyprus, where they were attacked by Eumathios Philokales. The sailors fled by ship to Bohemond at Laodikeia, but many of the infantry who were out plundering were marooned and died, even throwing themselves into the sea. Bohemond, as usual, welcomed all those who arrived, making them part of the siege of Laodikeia and signing treaties with them
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting the taxes of Radolibos to Kale (widow of Symbatios Pakourianos). Alexios I awarded by chrysobull to the nun Maria Basilakina (Kale, widow of Symbatios Pakourianos) the entirety of the taxes of the chorion of Radolibos
Certainty: 0 Theophylaktos thanked Ioannes the philosopher for his continuing support. Ioannes the philosopher had helped to defend Theophylaktos of Ohrid against slander. The archbishop thanked him, and asked him to continue the good work
Certainty: 1 Theophylaktos told Ioannes Peribleptenos of his troubles, encapsulated in one enemy. Theophylaktos sent a letter to Ioannes Peribleptenos, describing his troubles as if they all stemmed from one single enemy. He hoped that God would steer him through them
Certainty: 0 Theophylaktos wrote to Ioannes Attaleiates, asking for help for the metropolitan of Side. Theophylaktos of Ohrid wrote to Ioannes Attaleiates, who was protonotarios of the doux of Attaleia. He asked for help for the metropolitan of Side, who may still have been the long-serving Ioannes