Rus' naval attack on Constantinople: battle of Pharos

Summary:
Konstantinos IX, when some 400 Russian ships arrived in the Sea of Marmara, gathered all the fighting ships and other war vessels, established infantry positions along the nearby coastline, and on a Sunday he sent out his forces. Psellos stood near him as the Rus' lined up their ships, watching from a distance what was going on, from a hill which sloped gently towards the sea. Jaroslav ranged his ships in a continuous line from one coast to the other, ready to attack or defend, a sight which terrified all who saw it. When much of the day had passed and the Rus’ remained quiet and did not break their formation, the emperor ordered Basileios Theodorokanos to take three of the warships and launch missiles against them, in order to draw them into battle. Basileios advanced into their midst instead, burnt seven ships with Greek fire, and sunk three with their crews. He jumped onto a Russian ship, captured it, and slew or overpowered its crew, overawed by his courage. Since the attack was so successful with three warships, the emperor signalled to some of the others to put out. Seeing them approach the barbarians abandoned the fight and broke formation, backed water and began to flee. A storm completed the rout. The Byzantine fleet remained there for two days before returning to the capital 
Dates:
1043 July 
Basileios Theodorokanos (Basileios 105)
  • Full of courage he embarked on a Roman ship, attacked and jumped armed onto a Russian vessel, fought alone against the entire crew, terrified them with his prowess, and forced those he did not kill to throw themselves into the sea (:) ὅσους μαχαίρας ἔργον οὐκ ἐναπέδειξε, τῇ θαλάσσῃ βαλεῖν ἑαυτοὺς ἐβιάσατο Attaleiates: History 21.6-14 / 17.11-17
  • Summoned by Konstantinos 9 and ordered to take 3 triremes and attack the Scythians (Rus' under Jaroslav 102, anchored at Pharos) in order to provoke them to fight, he advanced in their midst instead, burnt down 7 ships, and sunk 3 with their crew (:) τῷ σκευαστῷ καταφλέγει πυρί Skylitzes 431.71-78
  • Jumped onto a Scythian ship, captured it, and slew or overpowered its crew, overawed by his courage (:) τὴν τόλμαν καταπλαγέντας αὐτοῦ Skylitzes 431.78-80
  • Did not attempt skirmishing, but genuine sea-battle (:) Zonaras 17.24.10
  • Burned some barbarian boats with the Greek fire, sank some with all hands, captured one by leaping on board himself and cutting down some with the sword, while terrifying others and taking them prisoner as it were through fear (:) Zonaras 17.24.10
  • When much of the day had passed and the barbarians remained quiet and did not break their formation, he was ordered by Konstantinos 9 to take three of the triremes and engage in skirmishing against the barbarians, in order to draw them to battle (:) Zonaras 17.24.9
Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachos (Konstantinos 9)
  • Attacked the enemy (Russian fleet), burnt many of their ships ships, sent others to the bottom of the sea together with their men, captured some with their crew, and compelled the enemy to flee (:) τινὰς δ᾿ αὐτοῖς πλωτῆρσι κεκρατηκώς Attaleiates: History 21.2-6 / 17.7-10
  • After the arrival of some 400 Russian ships in the Sea of Marmara he gathered all the long ships and other war vessels, established infantry troops along the nearby coastline, and on a Sunday he took out his forces and embarked on the imperial ship (:) ἐκτάξας ἄμφω τὰς δυνάμεις (ἀνῆλθε γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς μετὰ τῆς βασιλικῆς νεώς) Attaleiates: History 20.16-21.2 / 16.18-17.7
  • While the Scythians (Rus' under Jaroslav 102, anchored at Pharos) were remaining still, he summoned Basileios 105 Theodorokanos, and ordered him to take 3 triremes and attack them in order to provoke them to engage in battle (:) Skylitzes 431.71-75
  • Advanced with his entire fleet against the Scythians (Rus' under Jaroslav 102, attacked by Basileios 105 Theodorokanos) who fled in disarray, remained there for 2 days after his victory, and on the 3rd returned to Constantinople (:) Skylitzes 431.80-432.89
  • Faced the atacking Rus' in the forum [mistake for Pharos] and routed them (:) Glykas 595.6-13
  • Since the attack against the enemy was so successful with the three triremes, he signalled to some of the merchantmen and more put out; seeing them approach the barbarians thought no more of battle but broke formation, backed water and began to flee (:) Zonaras 17.24.11
  • When much of the day had passed and the barbarians remained quiet and did not break their formation, he ordered Basileios 105 Theodorokanos to take three of the triremes and launch missiles against the barbarians, in order to draw them to battle (:) Zonaras 17.24.9
  • Happening not to have the fleet at home, as it was far away engaged in guarding the territories, he made ready some triremes and other merchantmen, and putting on them a copious amount of Greek fire, he ranged these against the barbarian boats (:) Zonaras 17.24.8
  • Was himself present, sitting somewhere above the harbour (:) Zonaras 17.24.8
  • When much of the day had passed without either side advancing to fight, he gave a signal to two of the great ships, ordering them to advance slowly against the Rus' ships; this drew some Rus' ships, but they were defeated by Greek fire (:) δυσὶ τῶν μεγάλων νεῶν σύνθημα δούς Psellos: Chronographia VI 94.1-17
  • He defeated the Rus' (using his triremes and by the intervention of a sudden storm) and returned from the sea to the palace in triumph (:) τροπαιοφόρος εἰς τὰ βασίλεια ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης ἐπανελήλυθεν Psellos: Chronographia VI 96.1-3
  • He drew up his ships in the harbour on the other side (the Asiatic coast) against the Rus' boats and himself with a select part of the senate waited at anchor in the same harbour, a little way offshore (:) ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῦ δὴ τοῦ λιμένος βραχύ τι ἄνωθεν τῆς νυκτός ναυλοχεῖ Psellos: Chronographia VI 93.10-13
  • He gave clear declaration through a herald of naval war and at dawn ranged his ships in battle-line (:) λαμπρῶς τοῖς βαρβάροις κηρύξας Psellos: Chronographia VI 93.13-15
  • Michael 61 stood near him as the Rus' lined up their ships; he was sitting on a hill which sloped gently towards the sea, watching from a distance what was going on (:) θεωρὸς ἐξ ἀπόπτου τῶν γιγνομένων ἐτύγχανεν Psellos: Chronographia VI 93.22-5
  • He faced the attack on Constantinople of a Russian fleet with innumerable troops; he moved against them and defeated them, capturing a huge number and forcing the rest to flee (1044:1044) Anonymus Barensis 151
Michael Psellos (named Konstantinos till tonsure in 1054) (Michael 61)
  • Standing near Konstantinos 9 he saw the Rus' put out from their harbour and range their ships in a continuous line from one harbour to the other, ready to attack or defend, a sight which terrified all who saw it (:) ἔγωγ᾿ οὖν ἀγχοῦ τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος ἑστηκὼς ἦν Psellos: Chronographia VI 93.15-22