Siege of Constantinople by Leon Tornikios, who won several skirmishes

Summary:
Leon Tornikios reached the city, hoping to take it at once, and camped opposite Blachernai near the monastery of Hagioi Anargyroi. He began with promises to the citizens, but failed, so he turned to action. The emperor had installed machines on the walls and brought in ammunition. He gathered and paid troops to man the walls. He had stationed outside the Blachernai gate fewer than 1000 soldiers, armed by the senate on his orders, protected by a ditch. Tornikios attacked and forced them to retreat so that the gates were thrown open for them. Had his men got inside, he would have been victorious, but luck failed him: the defenders re-occupied the gates. Some onlookers began to flee, but the emperor was steadfast, furious at the defeatism of his sister Helena (Euprepeia had been exiled before). Konstantinos Leichoudes supported the plan to fight Tornikios outside the walls (at Blachernai), opposing Argyros, who implored the emperor not to pit small forces against the experienced army of the rebel. To be seen alive by friend and foe, the emperor watched from the wall, clad in imperial robes, on a balcony of the palace with Theodora and Zoe. He endured fierce mockery from the Macedonians outside. He was grazed by an arrow which lodged in the conical helmet of a servant, terrifying bystanders, including Psellos. It was rumoured Konstantinos was dead, Theodora had taken over and chosen Tornikios as emperor. At the end of the day Konstantinos prophecied to Psellos that Tornikios'’ fortunes would decline from then on, though when he saw Tornikios stopping the killing he worried about the loss of divine favour 
Dates:
1047 
servant of Konstantinos IX (Anonymus 184)
  • Was standing near the emperor (Konstantinos 9 Monomachos) on the walls and was hit by an arrow fired by the troops of the rebel Leon 61 and intended for the emperor (:) ἥρπασε δὲ τὴν πληγὴν τῶν θαλαμηπόλων αὐτοῦ ὁ ἐγγύτερος Attaleiates: History 24.10-11 / 19.19-20
  • An arrow aimed at the emperor (Konstantinos 9, during the attack of the rebel Leon 61 Tornikios against Constantinople) was lodged in his conical helmet, thus saving both himself and the emperor (:) εἴς τινος θεράποντος κάλυμμα κεφαλῆς στροβιλοειδές Skylitzes 441.43-44
  • The blow from the arrow was not fatal even for him (:) Zonaras 17.23.30
  • Was struck by an arrow aimed at Konstantinos 9 (:) Zonaras 17.23.29
  • As Konstantinos 9 moved aside a little, the (enemy) arrow grazed his ribs in passing (:) βραχύ τι παραξέει τὴν πλευρὰν παρελάσαν Psellos: Chronographia VI 111.10-13
Argyros, son of Melus (Argyros 10101)
  • Implored but failed to persuade the emperor (Konstantinos 9) to leave his troops within the walls, not wishing to engage in battle with a few soldiers and some inexperienced reservists against an enraged and experienced army (of Leon 61 Tornikios) (:) ποτνιωμένου καὶ παρακαλοῦντος Skylitzes 440.24-28
Euprepeia, sister of Konstantinos IX (Euprepeia 61)
  • She had been condemned to exile (by the time Leon 61 attacked Constantinople) (:) ὑπερορίαν καταδεδίκαστο Psellos: Chronographia VI 116.2
Helena, sister of Konstantinos IX (Helena 7001)
  • As she was lamenting and urging Konstantinos 9 to flee for refuge to one of the churches, looking at her bull-like he said, "Let someone lead her away, if we have anyone left, so that she can make her dirge alone and not soften my spirit (:) ταυρηδὸν πρὸς αὐτὴν ἀποβλέψας Psellos: Chronographia VI 116. 1-7
Emperor Konstantinos IX Monomachos (Konstantinos 9)
  • Sent troops outside Constantinople to face those of Leon 61, but they retreated when they learnt of the rebel army's power, and he watched in pain from the acropolis at Blachernai his realm being tormented as the enemy troops pillaged the countryside (:) ἤλγει τὴν οἰκείαν ἐπικράτειαν οὕτω...καθορῶν Attaleiates: History 23.9-24.3 / 19.1-14
  • Was insulted by some of the enemy troops who approached the palace (at Blachernai) and was almost killed when someone shot an arrow which hit the thalamepolos standing closest to him (Anonymus 184) (:) μικροῦ ἐδέησε τὸν βασιλέα βαλεῖν Attaleiates: History 24.5-11 / 19.16-20
  • When Leon 61 Tornikios encamped opposite Blachernai, he placed citizens along the walls, took out of the Blachernai gate fewer than 1000 soldiers who had been armed by the senate following his orders, and set them facing the rebel behind a ditch (in September of the 1st indiction (1047):κατὰ τὸν Σεπτέμβριον μῆνα, τῆς πρώτης ἰνδικτιῶνος) Skylitzes 439.10-440.23
  • Was implored by Argyros (Argyros 10101) to leave his troops within the walls and not to engage in battle with a few soldiers and some inexperienced reservists against an enraged and experienced army (of Leon 61 Tornikios), but remained unconvinced (:) Skylitzes 440.24-28
  • Hit by an arrow during the attack of Leon 61 Tornikios's forces he was almost killed but God protected him and the arrow lodged itself in the conical helmet of a servant (Anonymus 184) thus saving both of them (:) εἰ μὴ θεὸς προφανῶς διεσώσατο Skylitzes 440.41-441.44
  • Was almost killed by an arrow during the siege (of Constantinople) by Tornikios (Leon 61) (:) τόξου γενέσθαι παρὰ μικρὸν παρανάλωμα Glykas 596.18-19
  • Granted gifts and dignities to the barbarians (summoned to defend Constantinople), encouraged them with much gold and appointed his best generals at their head, but lamented that Roman would fight against Roman and Christian against Christian (:) Mauropous: Orations 192.63-64
  • Prepared the defence of the city (Constantinople, against Leon 61), had machines installed on the walls and ammunition brought in, gathered and organized troops to man them, and thus made the city safe (:) μηχανάς τε τοῖς τείχεσι πυκνὰς ἐφιστῶν Mauropous: Orations 185.34
  • Faced with the defeat of the army after an unsuccessful sortie (from the walls of Constantinople, besieged by the rebels of Leon 61 Tornikios) he ordered the opening of the gates so that the injured might flee to safety within the walls (:) ἡ βασιλικὴ παρὰ δόξαν ἀνεσῴσατο πρόνοια Mauropous: Orations 188.44
  • Remained steadfast even after the entry of the rebel troops into the city, although he had been abandoned by everyone who fled in panic, but the rebel (Leon 61) ordered that he be thrown over the walls, and he narrowly missed an arrow aimed at him (:) Mauropous: Orations 189.50-190.51
  • In an attempt to admonish the rebels he responded to the advance of Leon 61 (Tornikios) against the city (Constantinople) with letters promising amnesty but failed to convince them, turned to God and appealed to the patriarch (Michael 11) (:) καὶ νουθετεῖν ἐγχειρεῖ διὰ γραμμάτων Mauropous: Orations 184.28-30
  • Suffered the abuse hurled at him, the murder of his men, the distribution of the booty (captured by the rebels) before his own eyes, but did not despair and ordered those who had fled to return to the walls and secure the gates (:) Mauropous: Orations 190.52-53
  • Deployed against Leon 61 Tornikios a few soldiers and the popular mob and some other men who were servants of some of the senators, who in all did not even total a bare thousand (:) Zonaras 17.23.21
  • The blow from the arrow was not fatal even for Anonymus 184; but the emperor's attendants were afraid and immediately moved, and he himself moved his chair elsewhere (:) Zonaras 17.23.30
  • The people of the city were hostile to him in that he had not behaved towards them at all in accordance with their estimation (:) Zonaras 17.23.17
  • Was almost endangered: for one of the foe fired at him and let loose an arrow against him, but it missed the emperor and struck a lad from the bedchamber attendants (Anonymus 184) (:) Zonaras 17.23.29
  • Seated himself royally in one of the imperial chambers which projected beyond the rest and faced the plain before the city, in order that he might see the foe and be visible to them (:) Zonaras 17.23.23
  • Having stationed these men in front of the circuit-wall of the city facing the usurper (Leon 61)'s men, he thought that they would confound the adversary (:) Zonaras 17.23.22
  • It was not only the men who had gone outside the City who fled, but also all who stood beside the emperor, as they thought that Leon 61 would enter at once and that all would perish (:) ὅσοι πρὸς τῷ βασιλεῖ ἑστῶτες ἐτύγχανον Psellos: Chronographia VI 113.17-20
  • The situation with him was the opposite (to Leon 61's): he neither had his own army nor allies to support him, except for a small mercenary body who usually escorted imperial processions (:) οὔτε γὰρ οἰκεῖον στράτευμα, οὔτε συμμαχικὸν αὐτοῦ που συνείλκετο Psellos: Chronographia VI 105.5-9
  • Resistance outside the walls was his first bad decision; the next was that he referred to men inexperienced in war; as his view pleased most, he first searched the prisons, hoping some soldierly types might be shut up; these he brought out, armed and prepared for war (:) τοῦτο δὴ πρῶτον κακῶς λογισάμενος Psellos: Chronographia VI 112.5-11
  • He was planning to grant an amnesty to all and do no injury to the rebels: he had made this promise to God and vowed fearsome penalties on himself if he did not appear mild and gracious to all who had raised their hand against him (:) ἐβούλετο μὲν μηδενὶ τῶν ὅλων μνησικακῆσαι, μηδέ τι δρᾶσαι τοὺς τετολμηκότας δεινόν Psellos: Chronographia VI 123.1-5
  • Contrary to his nature he was compelled to mix with the crowds at intervals or be seen from a distance and prove by his gestures that he was not dead (:) ὅτι μὴ ἐτεθνήκει διαβεβαιοῦσθαι τοῖς σχήμασι Psellos: Chronographia VI 106.11-14
  • He had been left alone, thought to be about to die, but when he heard and saw Leon 61 stopping the killing, he said to Michael 61, "This troubles me more than anything, that Leon turns to mercy: he may win over the divine power" (:) μόνος δὲ ἄρα καταλέλειπτο ὡς αὐτίκα τεθνηξόμενος Psellos: Chronographia VI 115.1-7
  • Next he added to the residue of his troops no small number of civilians who offered themselves as volunteers to the batallions, playing at war as at everything else; during the night they dug a ditch outside the City wall and built a rampart (:) πλῆθος πολιτικῶν οὐκ ὀλίγων ... τῷ λοιπῷ στίφει συναριθμεῖ Psellos: Chronographia VI 112.11-15
  • One of Leon 61's men who knew how to shoot from horseback came up to the walls unobserved; drawing his bow directly opposite the emperor, he fired at him and the arrow curved rapidly through the intervening space (:) καταντικρὺ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπὶ μέτωπον τὴν τοῦ τόξου ἑλκύσας νευράν Psellos: Chronographia VI 111.6-10
  • Besieged within, so as to be seen alive by the enemy, he sat clad in imperial robes with Zoe 1 and Theodora 1 on a balcony of the palace, scarcely breathing, groaning a little, seeing only that part of the army which was near and facing (:) ἐπί τiνος προβεβλημένου τῶν ἀνακτόρων οἰκήματος ἅμα τοῖς βασιλίσι καθῆστο Psellos: Chronographia VI 109.1-7
  • As Helena 7001 was lamenting and urging him to flee for refuge to one of the churches, looking at her like a bull he said, "Let someone lead her away, if we have anyone left, so that she can make her dirge alone and not soften my spirit" (:) ἵνα καθ᾿ ἑαυτὴν τὸν θρῆνον ποιοῖτο, καὶ μὴ τὴν ἐμὴν καταμαλθακίζοι ψυχήν Psellos: Chronographia VI 116.1-7
  • His hopes failed: his only encouragement was that he was surrounded by the circuit of walls; so he toiled at this, restoring the neglected parts and studding it thickly with stone-throwing machines (:) τοσοῦτον μόνον ἀνέπνει, ὁπόσον αὐτὸν ἡ τοῦ τείχους περιβολὴ διεζώννυεν Psellos: Chronographia VI 105.14-18
  • As he moved aside a little, the arrow grazed in passing the ribs of a youth of distinction from among his chamberlains (Anonymus 184) (:) βραχύ τι παρεκνεύσαντος τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος Psellos: Chronographia VI 111.10-13
  • All of Leon 61's men who had an opportunity ran hot-foot to join him in the City, not only soldiers from the ranks but also officials and commanders (:) ὅσους ὁ καιρὸς ἐδίδου λαθεῖν, ἀπνευστὶ πρὸς τὸν αὐτοκράτορα καὶ τὴν Πόλιν κατέθεον Psellos: Chronographia VI 120.11-14
  • Leon 61's men drawing near and ranged in order, reminded those standing on the walls of the terrible things they had suffered under Konstantinos, from what they would be delivered if he were captured and what they would suffer he he got away (:) ὧν τε παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως δεινῶν ἐπεπόνθεισαν Psellos: Chronographia VI 109.7-11
  • He arranged all the men in batallions and again seating himself high up, decided to watch what would happen from a distance (:) αὐτὸς αὖθις ἐν μετεώρῳ καθίσας ἐξ ἀπόπτου ἐγνώκει τὸ μέλλον ἰδεῖν Psellos: Chronographia VI 112.20-1
  • Michael 61 and other attendants were transfixed in fear when an arrow nearly hit him, and he changed his seat to be further away from the enemy troops (:) πορρωτέρω τοῦ πολεμικοῦ ἐγεγόνει συστήματος Psellos: Chronographia VI 111.13-15
  • When Leon 61's men received only abuse, in despair they hurled out insults against him, reviling his bodily weakness, calling him cursed, one inclined to unholy pleasures, ruin of his City, corrupter of the people, and other insults (:) νῦν μὲν τὴν τοῦ σώματος αὐτῷ προσονειδίζοντες πάρεσιν Psellos: Chronographia VI 110.4-10
  • When Leon 61's men learned that our men were a vagabond mob and saw that the ditch was not deep nor hard to cross, they laughed at his folly, saw this as their opportunity, launched a mass attack and easily routed and killed our men (:) τῆς τοῦ κρατοῦντος ἀβελτερίας καταγελάσαντες Psellos: Chronographia VI 113.1-17
  • Leon 61 and his men thought that those in the City would not support him nor oppose them, being angry with him as he had begun to introduce new measures against them and they resented his leadership (:) δι᾿ ὀργῆς τε τὸν αὐτοκράτορα ἔχοντας, ἐπειδὴ καὶ καινοτομεῖν τι κατ᾿ αὐτῶν ἤρξατο Psellos: Chronographia VI 104.23-7
  • When he recovered himself he thought it terrible not to get together some soldiers, fend off attacks by a ditch and blockade the entrance; he would keep Leon 61's men further off so as not to hear what they said nor endure their insults (:) ἐπειδὴ καθ᾿ ἑαυτὸν ἐγεγόνει, δεινὸν ποιεῖται εἰ μὴ τινας αὐτοῖς στρατιώτας σχεδιάσοι Psellos: Chronographia VI 112.1-5
  • Most of the Macedonians, accustomed to civic buffonery rather than the military simplicity, dismounted and openly formed choruses: they improvised comic turns against the emperor, beating the ground rhythmically with their feet, singing and dancing (:) αὐτοσχεδίους ἐποιοῦντο κωμῳδίας τῷ αὐτοκράτορι Psellos: Chronographia VI 110.10-16
  • The City mob, thinking that he was dead, assembled in groups en masse and debated the need to run away from there and go off to Leon 61 (:) περὶ τοῦ δεῖν ἐντεῦθεν ἀποδράσασθαι καὶ πρὸς τὸν τύραννον ἀπίεναι βουλὴν ἐποιοῦντο Psellos: Chronographia VI 106.8-11
  • When the Macedonians, who were used to ribaldry, saw the emperor (Konstantinos 9), some of them insulted him outright, while others gathering in choruses and improvising songs from comedy, sung them and danced, beating the ground with their feet (:) Zonaras 17.23.24
  • At dawn, before the enemy stood before the City, he drew up the elite men and placed them facing the enemy, divisions of cavalry and light-armed companies, all protected with defensive weapons (:) τὴν λογάδα τῶν παρ᾿ ἡμῖν διατάξας καὶ κατ᾿ ἀντικρὺ στήσας ἐκείνοις Psellos: Chronographia VI 112.15-19
  • It was deliberately asserted (by propagandists of Anonymi 7009) that he was dead, that Theodora 1 had taken over the power and that she had chosed Leon 61 in preference to all (:) ἐξεπίτηδες τὸν μὲν βασιλέα τεθνάναι διεβεβαίουν Psellos: Chronographia VI 103.7-9
  • He said, turning again to Michael 61, that good fortune for Leon 61 was limited to that day; thereafter, like sand slipping away from under him, his affairs would move the opposite way (:) ὥσπερ ψάμμου ὑποσπασθείσης αὐτῷ, πρὸς τοὐναντίον χωρήσει τὰ πράγματα Psellos: Chronographia VI 116.7-10
  • He saw some of the Macedonian choruses and heard others; Michael 61 stood beside him, horrified at what was being said, consoling him; he did not know what to do, enduring the shame of their acts and their words (:) οὐκ εἶχεν ὅ τι δράσειεν, τὴν ἐπι τῶν ἔργων αἰσχύνην ἐπὶ τῶν παρ᾿ ἐκείνων ὑφιστάμενος λόγων Psellos: Chronographia VI 110.16-20
Konstantinos III Leichoudes, patriarch of Constantinople (Konstantinos 13)
  • Being behind the idea to fight Leon 61 Tornikios outside the walls (at Blachernai), he opposed Argyros (Argyros 10101) who implored the emperor (Konstantinos 9) not to engage in battle with his small forces against the experienced army of the rebel (:) τῆς βουλῆς ταύτης ὑπάρχων πατήρ Skylitzes 440.28-31
Leon Tornikios (Leon 61)
  • When he arrived before Constantinople he approached the walls, boasting about the size and power of his forces, going around proudly like an emperor, and acclaimed by those who were near the walls (:) βασιλικῶς καὶ ἀγέρωχος ἐμπεριπατῶν Attaleiates: History 24.3-5 / 19.14-16
  • Reached Constantinople hoping to take it without a blow, encamped opposite Blachernai near the monastery of Hagioi Anargyroi, and, his words and promises to the citizens having failed, he took action (in September of the 1st indiction (1047):κατὰ τὸν Σεπτέμβριον μῆνα, τῆς πρώτης ἰνδικτιῶνος) καὶ ἔργου ἥπτετο Skylitzes 439.10-440.16
  • Armed his forces and fell upon the troops (of Konstantinos 9) with a swing, forced them to retreat and the gates were thrown open, and had his luck not failed him he would have captured Constantinople easily, but the army occupied again the gates (:) Skylitzes 440.31-41
  • Caused so much trouble that even the emperor (Konstantinos 9) was almost killed by an arrow during the siege (of Constantinople), and marched on Arkadioupolis but was soon captured by Iasites (Michael 111), who led the eastern army, and was blinded (:) αὐτὸν μὲν ἐκτυφλοῦσι Glykas 596.16-597.4
  • Allowed his army to rest, having being exhausted by the numbers and might of their opponents, and prepared it for battle, but did nothing apart from boasting, threatening and abusing, and after a week he left, to the amazement of his opponents (:) κομπάζων ὑπέρογκα καὶ ἀπειλῶν καὶ ὑβρίζων Mauropous: Orations 191.56-58
  • Threw away his monastic habit, rose in rebellion (against Konstantinos 9), was proclaimed autokrator, raided cities and destroyed towns causing havoc, and advanced (on Constantinople) causing people to seek refuge within the city walls (:) Mauropous: Orations 182.19-184.27
  • Appeared one morning before the city (Constantinople) with the imperial insignia on a chariot near the walls by the palace (of Blachernai), settled on a hill by the ditch overlooking the city, and asked to be admitted through the walls as emperor (:) Mauropous: Orations 185.35-186.36
  • When he was refused entry into the city (Constantinople) by its defenders he returned to his encampment leaving his army before the walls, but then decided to take action and mounted a second attack (:) δευτέρα δὴ μετ ᾿ ὀλίγον προσβολὴ τοῦ τυρράνου Mauropous: Orations 187.40-41
  • Was acclaimed by his troops after their successful attack on the city (Constantinople) which they entered and pillaged when its defendants fled in panic leaving the gates open, and ordered that the emperor (Konstantinos 9) be thrown over the walls (:) Mauropous: Orations 189.49-190.51
  • In the morning drawing up in battle order and coming near the circuit-wall of the city at Blachernai, he asked those inside to open the gates to him, encouraging them to the deed with glittering promises (:) Zonaras 17.23.19
  • (Leon 61's men) demanded that the gates be opened for them and they receive him, an equitable and worthy emperor who would use them humanely and would enhance Roman power by wars and victories over the barbarians (:) τὸ ῾Ρωμαίων κράτος τοῖς κατὰ τῶν βαρβάρων πολέμοις τε καὶ τροπαίοις αὐξήσοντα Psellos: Chronographia VI 109.11-15
  • The City mob, thinking that Konstantinos 9 was dead, assembled in groups en masse and debated the need to run away from there and go off to him (:) περὶ τοῦ δεῖν ἐντεῦθεν ἀποδράσασθαι καὶ πρὸς τὸν τύραννον ἀπίεναι βουλὴν ἐποιοῦντο Psellos: Chronographia VI 106.8-11
  • Mounted on a white horse he was in the middle of the army with select cavalry and his better troops; light-armed himself, he was surrounded by men all accurate at long-range, light and fast; his remaining army was thinly spread over a large distance (:) περιΐστατο δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ ψιλόν, ἑκήβολοι ξύμπαντες καὶ κοῦφοι και εὔδρομοι Psellos: Chronographia VI 108.1-9
  • An equitable and worthy emperor who would use (his people) humanely and would enhance Roman power by wars and victories over the barbarians (description by his supporters) ἐπιεικῆ καὶ χρηστὸν αὐτοκράτορα, φιλανθρώπως τε αὐτοῖς χρησόμενον καὶ τὸ ῾Ρωμαίων κράτος τοῖς κατὰ τῶν βαρβάρων πολέμοις τε καὶ τροπαίοις αὐξήσοντα Psellos: Chronographia VI 109.12-15
  • When the citizens did not pay attention to him, but rather scoffed and jeered at him, he undertook the assault (:) Zonaras 17.23.20
  • He straightway set to work with them and suddenly attacked the imperial city, and many people, both soldiers and civilians, joined him as he approached (:) Zonaras 17.23.16
  • Stones of a talent weight were being hurled from an engine against the foe and one was sent against the usurper (Leon 61); it did not reach him, but it caused cowardice both in him and his men (:) Zonaras 17.23.33
  • Konstantinos 9, having stationed these men in front of the circuit-wall of the city facing the usurper (Leon 61)'s men, thought that they would confound the adversary (:) Zonaras 17.23.22
  • Hoped rather they would readily open for him the city gates as the eastern contingents were busy with wars there and the people of the city were hostile to the emperor (Konstantinos 9) in that he had not dealt with them at all as they wanted (:) Zonaras 17.23.17
  • Was elevated by hopes that no one would oppose him (:) Zonaras 17.23.17
  • If that war had had a leader experienced in victory, there was nothing to prevent Leon 61 Tornikios from going inside the city and putting an end to the enterprise (:) Zonaras 17.23.27
  • Elevated by such hopes, he encamped in front of the city to besiege it if he were not promptly accepted (:) Zonaras 17.23.18
  • He came within a short distance outside the walls, built a rampart and camped openly, bivouacked there for a short part of the night, but for the rest himself rode out encouraging his forces to do this too, and ranged the light-armed troops (:) χάρακά τε βάλλεται καὶ στρατοπεδεύει λαμπρῶς Psellos: Chronographia VI 107.11-16
  • A particularly large stone was hurled from the machine against him; although it missed it caused panic and fear in him and those about him; overcome by fear and in confusion they broke formation and withdrew to the rampart (:) τούτου μὲν ἀποτυγχάνουσι, φυγὴν δὲ καὶ πτοίαν ἐκείνῳ καὶ τοῖς περὶ αὐτον ἐμβάλλουσιν Psellos: Chronographia VI 118.4-10
  • He and his men thought that those in the City would not support Konstantinos 9 nor oppose them, being angry with Konstantinos as he had begun to introduce new measures against them and they resented his leadership (:) μηδὲ τοὺς ἐν τῇ Πόλει τῷ βασιλεῖ προσθήσεσθαι, τούτοις δὲ ἀντιστήσεσθαι Psellos: Chronographia VI 104.23-7
  • It was not only the men who had gone outside the City who fled, but also all who stood beside Konstantinos 9, as they thought that he would enter at once and that all would perish (:) ᾤοντο γὰρ αὐτίκα τὸν τύραννοπν εἰσιέναι καὶ πάντας διαφθαρήσεσθαι Psellos: Chronographia VI 113.17-20
  • He went out on foot: at dawn his men stood in a body before the walls, not in confusion, nor assembled in a mass, but disposed in a soldierly way and formed up in battle order (:) βάδην τε προϊών Psellos: Chronographia VI 107.16-19
  • He and his men thought that the people in the City wished to see a soldier as emperor, one who would undergo danger on their behalf and ward off the incursions of the barbarians (:) σφῶν τε προκινδυνεύοντα καὶ τὰς ἐπιδρομὰς τῶν βαρβάρων ἀνείργοντα Psellos: Chronographia VI 104.27-9
  • After doing this and taken some few prisoners he withdrew in good order to his entrenchments; Konstantinos 9 decided to make no new move against him (:) συντεταγμένος ἐπὶ τὸν χάρακα ἄπεισιν Psellos: Chronographia VI 117.1-4
  • Apart from arguments of prudence, nothing prevented his men entering the City, since those guarding the entrances had fled to seek safety, and the whole City had either retired to their homes or were eager to welcome him (:) οἱ δ᾿ ὑπαντῆσαι τῷ τυράννῳ προεθυμήθησαν Psellos: Chronographia VI 114.1-7
  • So as to cause terror in the people of Constantinople inexperienced in war, all his men wore armour, some full armour, themselves equipped with greaves and breastplates and their horse in mail, while others were armed as best they could (:) ἵνα δὴ ὡς ἀπειροπολέμους ἡμᾶς καταπλήξαιεν Psellos: Chronographia VI 107.20-4
  • It was deliberately asserted (by propagandists of Anonymi 7009) that he was in control: Konstantinos 9 was dead, Theodora 1 had taken over the power and that she had chosen him in preference to all (:) πρὸ πάντων αἱρεῖσθαι Λέοντα Psellos: Chronographia VI 103.7-9
  • Hesitated to enter the gates of Constantinople after his troops had vanquished those of the emperor (Konstantinos 9) and returned to his camp, acclaimed by his men (:) τῷ τοιούτῳ προτερήματι κορεσθεὶς λαμπρῶς εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν παρεμβολὴν ἐπανέζευξε Attaleiates: History 26.17-27.6 / 21.14-23
  • He (unnamed) led western armies against Konstantinos 9 at a time when most remaining troops were far to the east, and besieged and almost took the capital with its tiny garrison, defeating some outside the walls and driving them inside (:) Psellos Keroularios 346
  • Konstantinos 9 said, turning again to Michael 61, that good fortune for Leon was limited to that day; thereafter, like sand slipping away from under him, his affairs would move the opposite way (:) τὸ γὰρ εὐτύχημα ... τὴν τήμερον περιώριστο Psellos: Chronographia VI 116.7-10
  • Konstantinos 9 deployed against him a few soldiers and the popular mob and some other men who were servants of some of the senators, who in all did not even total a bare thousand (:) Zonaras 17.23.21
  • As another dreadful rebel, he trampled, crushed and shattered everything with his feet and shattered the rest with his teeth (:) καὶ πάλιν ὁ Τορνίκιος, ... πατοῦν τὰ πάντα καὶ λικμοῦν καὶ τοῖς ποσὶ συντρῖβον καὶ τὰ καταλειπόμενα συντρῖβον τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν Manasses, Chronicle 6217-6220
Michael Psellos (named Konstantinos till tonsure in 1054) (Michael 61)
  • He (and others nearby) were transfixed in fear when an arrow nearly hit Konstantinos 9, but the latter changed seat to be further away from the enemy troops (:) ἡμεῖς τῷ φόβῳ ἐπάγημεν Psellos: Chronographia VI 111.13-15
  • Konstantinos 9 said, turning again to him, that good fortune for Leon 61 was limited to that day; thereafter, like sand slipping away from under him, his affairs would move the opposite way (:) πρὸς ἐμὲ αὖθις ὑποστραφείς Psellos: Chronographia VI 116.7-10
  • He heard some of the soldiers and old men say that no previous usurper had ever been so daring as to prepare to set up artillery outside the City, to bend bows against the battlements and surround the whole circuit of the walls with an army (:) οὐδεὶς ποτὲ τῶν τυραννευσάντων εἰς τοῦτο τόλμης ἐλήλυθεν Psellos: Chronographia VI 107.5-10
  • Konstantinos 9 saw some of the Macedonian choruses and heard others; he stood beside the emperor, horrified at what was being said, consoling him; Konstantinos did not know what to do, enduring the shame of their acts and words (:) εἱστήκειν δ᾿ ἐγὼ πλήσιον αὐτῷ, τὰ μὲν ἐν δεινῷ τῶν λεγομένων ποιούμενος, τὰ δὲ λόγοις παραμυθούμενος Psellos: Chronographia VI 110.16-20
  • Konstantinos 9 had been left alone, as though his last hour had come, but when he heard and saw Leon 61 stopping the killing, he said to Pellos, "This troubles me more than anything, that Leon turns to mercy: he may win over the divine power" (:) πρὸς ἐμὲ στραφείς Psellos: Chronographia VI 115.1-7
Empress Theodora (Theodora 1)
  • Besieged within, so as to be seen alive by the enemy, Konstantinos 9 sat clad in imperial robes on a balcony of the palace with Theodora and Zoe 1, scarcely breathing, groaning a little, seeing only that part of the army which was near and facing (:) ἐπί τινος προβεβλημένου τῶν ἀνακτόρων οἰκήματος ἅμα τοῖς βασιλίσι καθῆστο Psellos: Chronographia VI 109.1-7
  • Despaired at the situation (after the rebel troops entered Constantinople) and asked for divine assistance but their agony was intensified when the rebel (Leon 61) ordered that the emperor (Konstantinos 9) be thrown over the walls: in association with Theodora 1 (:) ὀλοφυρμοῖς συνεχόμεναι Mauropous: Orations 189-51-190.51
  • It was deliberately asserted (by propagandists of Anonymi 7009) that Konstantinos 9 was dead, that Theodora had taken over the power and had chosen Leon 61 in preference to all others (:) τὴν δέ γε Θεοδώραν ἐγκρατῆ γενομένην τοῦ κράτους Psellos: Chronographia VI 103.7-9
Empress Zoe (Zoe 1)
  • Besieged within, so as to be seen alive by the enemy, Konstantinos 9 sat clad in imperial robes on a balcony of the palace with her an Theodora 1, scarcely breathing, groaning a little, seeing only that part of the army which was near and facing (:) ἐπί τινος προβεβλημένου τῶν ἀνακτόρων οἰκήματος ἅμα ταῖς βασιλίσι καθῆστο Psellos: Chronographia VI 109.1-7
  • Despaired at the situation (after the rebel troops entered Constantinople) and asked for divine assistance but their agony was intensified when the rebel (Leon 61) ordered that the emperor (Konstantinos 9) be thrown over the walls: in association with Theodora 1 (:) ὀλοφυρμοῖς συνεχόμεναι Mauropous: Orations 189-51-190.51