Roger II of Sicily raided Central Greece during the Second Crusade

Summary:
While the disruption caused by the Second Crusade was at its height, Roger II of Sicily made a destructive raid on central Greece. Greek sources are uncertain whether his was planned with Conrad III or independently. Revenge for the failure of Roger's project to secure a Byzantine bride for his son may have played a role. [The fuller narrative of Choniates has been preferred here to that of Kinnamos, at the few points where they diverge.] The Sicilian admiral went first to Kerkyra, where he exploited dissatisfaction with the exactions of Gymnos, who (as governor or tax collector) collected taxes in a demanding and overbearing way. The admiral thus talked his way into the city without fighting, introducing a garrison of a thousand knights; the citizens exchanged one burden for something worse. Having garrisoned Kerkyra and strengthened the walls, he sailed to Monemvasia, but was beaten off. He returned past Malea, attacking places large and small, outside then inside the Gulf of Corinth. Later he moved overland to storm Thebes, extorting money and goods, making citizens swear to lists of their wealth, taking prisoners, male and female, and loading his warships like merchantmen. Finding no opposition, he sailed to Corinth, and soon took Akrokorinthos, as its commander Nikephoros Chalouphes failed to defend a very strong position. Again he plundered everything, including an icon of St Theodoros Stratelates, took noble prisoners, and sailed low in the water to Kerkyra. Thus after the crusaders left the city for Asia, Manuel I had to recover territory and punish aggression 
Dates:
1147 
Gymnos, tax gatherer (or governor) of Kerkyra (Anonymus 764)
  • His tax regime was so demanding and overbearing and his insolent behaviour so insufferable that the people of Kerkyra decided to revolt; needing assistance, they took the opportunity of the arrival of Anonymus 765 to allow him to put in a garrison of 1,000 (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 72.95-73.08
admiral of Sicilian fleet which raided Greece (Anonymus 765)
  • He exploited the frustration of the people of Kerkyra, deriving from the exactions of Anonymus 764, to talk his way into the city without fighting, and introduce a garrison of a thousand knights; the citizens escaped one burden by accepting a worse one (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 72.95-73.11
  • Having left the garrison at Kerkyra and strengthened the fortifications, he sailed off to Monemvasia, hoping to capture that too without a fight; but he met determined defence, and withdrew without success (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 73.11-17
  • He returned past Malea, attacking places large and small, outside then inside the Gulf of Corinth; he moved overland to storm Thebes, savagely extorting money and goods, making citizens swear to lists of their wealth, taking prisoners, male and female, and loading his warships like merchantmen (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 73.18-74.49
  • Finding no opposition, he sailed to Corinth, and soon took Akrokorinthos despite its strength, as its commander Nikephoros 17005 made no defence; again he plundered everything, including an icon of St Theodoros Stratelates, and took noble prisoners, then sailed low in the water to Kerkyra (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 74.50-76.84
son of Roger II of Sicily (Anonymus 17029)
  • It was said that his failure to obtain a Byzantine bride was a reason for Roger 17001's violent attack on central Greece during the Second Crusade (:) Kinnamos 92.10-17
Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (Manuel 1)
  • As the crusaders went on to Antioch, Manuel thought how to recover territory from Roger 17001, especially Kerkyra, and take revenge for his attack during the passage of the crusade (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 72.79-89
Nikephoros Chalouphes, soldier and diplomat under Manuel I (Nikephoros 17005)
  • He was sent to protect Corinth, especially Akrokorinthos, from Anonymus 765, but failed completely to defend a very strong position, and was scorned by the Sicilians (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 75.73-76.84
Roger II, king of Sicily (Roger 17001)
  • In revenge for the failure of the marriage project for his son (Anonymus 17029) he attacked during the Crusade and plundered Corinth, Euboea and Thebes, meeting no resistance, and then seized Kerkyra (At the height of the Second Crusade:ἐν ἀκμῇ γὰρ τῆς τῶν δυσμικῶν ἐθνῶν εἰς τὰ ῾Ρωμαίων ἐμβολῆς) βάρβαρος Kinnamos 92.10-17
  • Whether in concert with Conrad 53 or on his own account just as Conrad marched, he launched a raid on the coast of central Greece, sending a fleet from Brindisi under Anonymus 765, who took Kerkyra without a fight (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 72.90-95