Frederick Barbarossa captured Milan & interfered in papal affairs: only Manuel opposed him

Summary:
 
Dates:
1162 
Pope Alexander III (Alexandros 23)
  • Was deposed by Frederick 51 in favour of Ottaviano 17001, but later was to be restored by Manuel 1 (But this was later on:ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ὕστερον) Kinnamos 228.22-229.15
  • Was addressed (probably) by Ioannes 17001 in an excursus on the invalidity of the power of popes and western emperors, over the dispute with Frederick 51 and the claim that he had accepted the Byzantine position in a letter to Manuel 1 (:) Kinnamos 219.17-220.24
Frederick III of Swabia, later Frederick I Barbarossa, western emperor (Frederick 51)
  • His power increased because of innovations, especially financial changes; captured Milan, defeated the Ligurians (Lombards) and others at increasing distances, and even conquered Rome, requiring reaction from Manuel 1 (:) χρημάτων μεταποίηται Kinnamos 228.3-13
  • After capturing Rome, he replaced the pope (Alexandros 23) with Ottaviano 17001, claiming imperial status: popes are usually appointed by synods, but he made an appointment and confirmed it by a synod. Only Manuel 1 had the strength to resist (:) Kinnamos 228.22-229.4
  • His dispute with the pope (Alexandros 23) was probably referred to in a tirade addressed by Ioannes 17001 Kinnamos to an anonymus pope about the invalidity of the power of popes and western emperors (:) Kinnamos 219.17-220.24
Ioannes Kinnamos (John Cinnamus) the historian (Ioannes 17001)
  • Claims to have seen a signed papal letter, probably from Alexander III (Alexandros 23) accepting the Byzantine position over the rival claims of popes and the eastern and western empires (:) κἂν αὐτὸς ἀρνηθείης, ἀλλ᾿ αἱ βίβλοι κηρύττουσιν αἳ τὰ γράμματά σου τῷ ἐδαφίῳ μετεδέξαντο Kinnamos 220.17-20
Victor IV, antipope (Ottaviano 17001)