Deathbed speech of Ioannes II, bequeathing the throne to Manuel (I)

Summary:
On his deathbed he called a meeting of relations, friends and office-holders, presented Manuel to them, and made a speech, first accepting that God had frustrated his ambitions in Syria, on the Euphrates, the Tigris and in Palestine. He had lost (he claimed) none of what he had inherited from Alexios I, and hoped to have ruled well - as others would decide; he had lived mainly in tents in the open air, fighting in east and west. With God's aid he had twice broken new ground in expeditions to Syria and won new conquests; his successor should serve just as unselfishly, using the great powers of the imperial office for God and his people, not for himself. Primogeniture (as in his own accession) was one way of choosing between the siblings Isaakios and Manuel; but it was not an automatic rule (see Isaac, Jacob, Moses and David). To overturn primogeniture by choosing Manuel over Isaakios he needed reasons, something more than sentiment: both had many skills and virtues, but the crucial difference was that Isaakios was irascible while Manuel had the meekness of David. Manuel had been supported by prophecies and omens, and was really the only choice, since the elders, Alexios and Andronikos, had died, and Isaakios was inadequate. The final argument was Manuel's brave charge at Neokaisareia. William of Tyre speaks of the contrary pressure of Ioannes Axouch for Isaakios: Axouch dismissed claims that Manuel's leadership was needed to get the army home. William speaks of support for Manuel among other leaders, especially the Latins 
Dates:
1143 March 31: 
Emperor Ioannes II Komnenos (Ioannes 2)
  • From his deathbed he called a meeting of relations, friends and office-holders, set Manuel 1 before them, and made a speech, first accepting that God had stopped the realisation of his his ambitions in Syria, on the Euphrates, the Tigris and in Palestine (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 41.17-42.41
  • He had lost (he claimed) none of what he had inherited from Alexios 1, and hoped to have ruled well - it was for others to decide that; he had lived mainly in tents in the open air, fighting in east and west (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 42.42-43.49
  • With God's aid he had twice broken new ground in expeditions to Syria and won new conquests; his successor should have the same sense of unselfish service, using the great powers of the imperial office for God and his people, not for his own advantage (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 43.50-70
  • He assumed that the hereditary principle should be followed (as in his own accession), but that choice was possible between the siblings Isaakios 103 and Manuel 1; primogeniture was not an automatic rule (see Isaac, Jacob, Moses and David) (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 43.71-44.92
  • To overturn primogeniture by choosing Manuel 1 over Isaakios 103 he needed reasons, to show he was working by more than sentiment: both had many skills and virtues, but the crucial difference was that Isaakios was irascible while Manuel had the meekness of David (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 44.93-45.24
  • Manuel 1 had been supported by prophecies and omens, and was really the only choice, since Alexios 103 and Andronikos 109 had died, and Isaakios 103 was inadequate; the final argument was Manuel's brave charge at Neokaisareia (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 45.25-46.40
  • He consulted his blood relations and relatives by marriage, the civil and military leaders he had with him, over the succession, between Isaakios 103 and Manuel 1; Isaakios he had sent to the capital with the remains of Alexios 103 and Andronikos 109, while Manuel was present with the army (:) William of Tyre bk. 15, 23.1-9
  • On the side of Isaakios 103 was primogeniture and the support of Ioannes 293 and his party; for Manuel 1 there was his ability and affable character, the support of other leaders and especially of the Latins, and the fact that he was well positioned to get the army home; Ioannes finally chose Manuel (:) William of Tyre bk. 15, 23.11-34
Ioannes Axouch, megas domestikos (Ioannes 293)
  • In the choice made by Ioannes 2 between Isaakios 103 and Manuel 1, the support of Axouch for Isaakios was the latter's strongest recommendation, after primogeniture; Axouch told the emperor that it would not be hard to get the army home without Manuel's leadership (:) William of Tyre bk. 15, 23.19-23
Isaakios Komnenos, son of Ioannes II (Isaakios 103)
  • He was compared with Manuel 1 during Ioannes 2's deathbed speech on the succession: Isaakios was irascible, Manuel was preferable because of his meekness (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 43.71-46.40
Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (Manuel 1)
  • Was chosen by his father Ioannes 2 because of success at Neokaisareia and divine revelations, as well as counselling skills. The choice was accepted by the court; Manuel, weeping, was given symbols of rule and acclaimed by the army (:) Kinnamos 27.18-29.1
  • He was presented to the audience at the beginning of Ioannes 2's deathbed speech on the succession; he was compared as future emperor with Isaakios 103: Isaakios was irascible, Manuel was preferable because of his meekness (:) Niketas Choniates, Historia 41.17-46.40