The disastrous defeat of Conrad III (William of Tyre)

Summary:
Conrad farewelled Manuel I and advanced to Nikomedeia, then on the shortest route to Ikonion. Mas'ud, sultan of Ikonion, had sent emergency demands for help all over the east, and assembled an army at Ikonion with which he could face the crusaders. As he left, Conrad asked Manuel for expert guides, but they proved untrustworthy. They suggested that the army use a short cut through country offering no food, carrying provisions with them for a fixed number of days, and the Germans complied. But whether on Manuel's orders or bribed by the Turks, they led the Germans not towards the fertile area of Ikonion, but into a wilderness exposed to Turkish attack. After the set number of days, food was scarce and they had not reached their goal. Conrad interrogated the guides before his nobles. They lied that they would arrive in three days; Conrad believed them. Next morning, the guides had vanished, thus openly confessing guilt. They went to tell the French army nearby that Conrad had been successful, either wanting to stop the French coming to help him, or to save themselves from punishment for misleading him. When Conrad realised he no longer had guides, there was dissension whether to go forward or back. They had no more food or fodder, and a large Turkish army appeared, as planned, it was said, by Manuel I, who distrusted all westerners, especially Germans, for usurping the imperial title. Conrad's army was hungry, lost, exhausted, on difficult roads, with few fit horses and heavy baggage. The Turks, with none of these problems, won a great victory. Though the Germans were better man-for-man, they were crushed by Turkish mobility, killed or captured, and only a tenth of the army escaped to Nicaea with Conrad. It was not Mas'ud, but Paramuni, another general, who won this victory. The Turks, having destroyed the larger crusading army, now waited for the smaller, that of Louis VII 
Dates:
1147: 
treacherous guides given to Conrad III by Manuel I (Anonymi 210)
  • They were provided at Conrad 53's request as he left the capital, and they were supposed to be well informed about the country; they proposed to Conrad that the army use a short cut through country without food, taking provisions with them for a fixed number of days, and the Germans complied (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 20.28-49
  • Whether on Manuel 1's orders or bribed by the Turks, they led the German army not towards the fertile area around Ikonion, but into a wilderness which left them exposed to Turkish attacks (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 20.34-49
  • Next morning, the guides were missing, thus confessing their treachery to all; they went off to the French army, which was nearby, telling them that Conrad 53 had been successful; they either wanted to stop them coming to help Conrad, or to save themselves from due punishment for misleading him (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 21.12-34
Conrad III Hohenstaufen, king of Germany (Conrad 53)
  • After his army had been ferried across to Asia, he farewelled Manuel 1 and crossed likewise, advancing to Nikomedeia, then set off on the shortest route to Ikonion, where Masud 17001's carefully gathered forces were waiting; Conrad had Anonymi 210 to conduct him on his way, but they proved untrustworthy (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 20.1-49
  • After the stipulated number of days had passed, food was scarce and they had not reached their destination; he therefore summoned Anonymi 210 and interrogated them before the nobles; they lied that they would arrive in three days; Conrad believed them (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 21.1-12
  • When he realised he no longer had guides, there was dissension whether to go forward or back; they had no more food or fodder, and a large Turkish army appeared; it was said that this was the plan of Manuel 1, who distrusted all westerners, especially Germans, because they had assumed the imperial title (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 21.34-61
  • His army was hungry, lost, exhausted, on difficult roads, with few fit horses and heavy baggage; their Turkish foes had none of these problems and so the battle was unequal: though the Germans were better man-for-man, they were crushed by Turkish mobility, and only a tenth of the army escaped to Nicaea with Conrad (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 21.34-61
Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (Manuel 1)
  • He is said to have told Anonymi 210 to lead Conrad 53's men into the wilderness and even to have planned the Turkish ambush which destroyed the army; he was said to be resentful at German use of the imperial title (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 21.52-61
Mas'ud, sultan of Ikonion (Masud 17001)
  • His panicky requests bore fruit, and troops from every corner of the Muslim world gathered to face the crusaders, giving him confidence to face the mighty armies which were approaching; his army gathered near Ikonion (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 20.14-28
  • It was not he who crushed the great army of Conrad 53, but Paramuni 101; the Turks, having destroyed the larger crusading army, now waited for the smaller, that of Louis 101 (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 21.43-51
Paramuni, Turkish general who crushed the army of Conrad III (Paramuni 101)
  • It was he, and not the absent Masud 17001, who crushed the army of Conrad 53; the Turks, having destroyed the larger crusading army, now waited for the smaller, that of Louis 101 (:) William of Tyre bk. 16, 21.43-51