Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard siezed Petros of Bisignano by a trick Certainty: 2
1057
Certainty: 2 Death of count Humphrey of Apulia; Robert Guiscard took power in his place Certainty: 2
1058
Certainty: 2 Leon Thrymbos killed the Scribones at Croton Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Raids of Robert Guiscard from Salerno into Byzantine territory in Italy Certainty: 2
1059
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard was invested as Duke of Apulia & Calabria Certainty: 2
1061
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard sailed to Sicily Certainty: 2
1062
Robert Guiscard captured BrindisiCertainty: 2
1064
Certainty: 2 Robert of Montescagloioso captured Matera Certainty: 2
1066
Certainty: 2 Revolt of Nikoulitzas Delphinas at Larissa Certainty: 2
1068
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard captured Uggiano & Montepeloso, then began the siege of Bari Certainty: 3
1070
Certainty: 1 Romanos started negotiations to marry his infant son to one of Robert Guiscard's daughters Certainty: 1
1071
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi
After blockading Bari with a bridge of boats which shut off the harbour, Robert Guiscard succeeded in entering Brindisi, where Nikephoros Karantenos had committed an atrocity in the previous year
Certainty: 2 Norman naval victory hindered final attempt to relieve Bari Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Surrender of Bari to Robert Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard left for Sicily & began the siege of Palermo Certainty: 3
1072
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard captured Palermo Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Michael VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, proposing to marry his brother Konstantios to a daughter of Guiscard Certainty: 2
1074
Certainty: 3 Proposed marriage of Michael VII's son Konstantinos to Helena, daughter of Robert Guiscard Certainty: 3
1075
Certainty: 3 Excommunication of Robert Guiscard & Robert of Loritello by Gregory VII Certainty: 3
1080
Certainty: 3 Investiture of Robert Guiscard by Gregory VII Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard swore fidelity to the Roman church & Gregory VII Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Appearance in South Italy of false Michael VII, either through his own initiative or that of Guiscard Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Gregory VII supported (the false) Michael VII in a letter to the bishops of Apulia & Calabria Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard used the false Michael VII as pretext to prepare invasion of Byzantium Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Rudolf of Swabia & Welf of Bavaria, supported by pope Gregory VII, defeated by emperor Henry IV Certainty: 2
1081
Certainty: 3 Alexios I, virtually without troops or money, faced Turks in the east & Guiscard in the west Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard left his son Roger in Italy, planning to attack Dyrrachion by sea aided by Bohemond on land Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Despite a destructive storm, Guiscard assembled his forces & threatened Dyrrachion Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I sought to win allies against Robert Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Georgios Palaiologos fortified Dyrrachion, rallied the defenders & reported to Alexios I Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Siege of Dyrrachion began with questions over identity of "Michael VII" Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Venetians were paid for aid: they defeated Bohemond & were rewarded Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 News of battles near Dyrrachion: Palaiologos was wounded, war was conducted by towers Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios camped at Dyrrachion, wrote to Guiscard & searched for the right battleground Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard hinted at peace, if Michael VII was avenged - with details completely unacceptable to Alexios Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard addressed his counts, allowed them to choose him as leader, & successfully proposed burning their boats Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios planned to attack Guiscard's camp; Guiscard moved his army & drew it up for battle Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 After a closely-fought struggle, the Normans were completely victorious, with heavy Byzantine casualties Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 When all was lost, Alexios made his escape - both heroic & miraculous, as reported to Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 After plundering Alexios' camp, Guiscard returned to his own, deciding whether to stay near Dyrrachion or advance further Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Gregory VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, congratulating him but summoning him back Certainty: 2
1082
Certainty: 3 Inhabitants of Dyrrachion (mainly from Amalfi & Venice) surrendered the city to Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard, hearing of descent by Henry IV, returned to Italy, warning Bohemond to persevere against Alexios Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond tried to expand his conquests, with mixed success; several counts planned to defect to Alexios Certainty: 3
1083
Certainty: 3 Alexios planned an ambush which allowed him to devastate Bohemond's camp & defeat half his army Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond & Guiscard at Salerno discussed collapse of invasion; Guiscard began trying to revive it Certainty: 3
1084
Certainty: 3 Guiscard sent his sons Guy (whom Alexios had tried to buy) & Roger with his cavalry; they captured Aulona & Butrinto Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard crossed to join his sons at Butrinto, then took the fleet to put down a rebellion on Kerkyra Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios brought in the Venetians, who were more victorious than not in the fierce naval campaign which followed Certainty: 3
1085
Certainty: 3 After blockading the straits for the winter, the Venetians, with Maurix & the Byzantine fleet, defeated Guiscard's ships Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Amidst growing resistance, Guiscard was kept in the port of Iericho by bad weather for two months Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard beached his ships at the Glykys river, & would later need engineering work to refloat them Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Normans at the Glykys river began to starve, while horses & men suffered epidemics; losses were very heavy Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard sent his son Roger to Kephalonia, sailed to join him, but fell ill of a fever & died Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard was succeeded by Roger, who imposed oaths of allegiance & returned to Apulia to bury his father Certainty: 3