Robert Guiscard E / L XI
Ῥουμπέρδος ὁ Φράγγος (Robert 61)
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Narrative
(108)
1052
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard siezed Petros of Bisignano by a trick
Certainty: 2
1057
Certainty: 2
Death of count Humphrey of Apulia; Robert Guiscard took power in his place
Certainty: 2
1058
Certainty: 2
Leon Thrymbos killed the Scribones at Croton
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Raids of Robert Guiscard from Salerno into Byzantine territory in Italy
Certainty: 2
1059
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard was invested as Duke of Apulia & Calabria
Certainty: 2
1061
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard sailed to Sicily
Certainty: 2
1062
Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi
Certainty: 2
1064
Certainty: 2
Robert of Montescagloioso captured Matera
Certainty: 2
1066
Certainty: 2
Revolt of Nikoulitzas Delphinas at Larissa
Certainty: 2
1068
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard captured Uggiano & Montepeloso, then began the siege of Bari
Certainty: 3
1070
Certainty: 1
Romanos started negotiations to marry his infant son to one of Robert Guiscard's daughters
Certainty: 1
1071
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Norman naval victory hindered final attempt to relieve Bari
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3
Surrender of Bari to Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard left for Sicily & began the siege of Palermo
Certainty: 3
1072
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard captured Palermo
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Michael VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, proposing to marry his brother Konstantios to a daughter of Guiscard
Certainty: 2
1074
Certainty: 3
Proposed marriage of Michael VII's son Konstantinos to Helena, daughter of Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
1075
Certainty: 3
Excommunication of Robert Guiscard & Robert of Loritello by Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
1080
Certainty: 3
Investiture of Robert Guiscard by Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard swore fidelity to the Roman church & Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Appearance in South Italy of false Michael VII, either through his own initiative or that of Guiscard
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3
Gregory VII supported (the false) Michael VII in a letter to the bishops of Apulia & Calabria
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard used the false Michael VII as pretext to prepare invasion of Byzantium
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Rudolf of Swabia & Welf of Bavaria, supported by pope Gregory VII, defeated by emperor Henry IV
Certainty: 2
1081
Certainty: 3
Alexios I, virtually without troops or money, faced Turks in the east & Guiscard in the west
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard left his son Roger in Italy, planning to attack Dyrrachion by sea aided by Bohemond on land
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Despite a destructive storm, Guiscard assembled his forces & threatened Dyrrachion
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios I sought to win allies against Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Georgios Palaiologos fortified Dyrrachion, rallied the defenders & reported to Alexios I
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Siege of Dyrrachion began with questions over identity of "Michael VII"
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
The Venetians were paid for aid: they defeated Bohemond & were rewarded
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
News of battles near Dyrrachion: Palaiologos was wounded, war was conducted by towers
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios camped at Dyrrachion, wrote to Guiscard & searched for the right battleground
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard hinted at peace, if Michael VII was avenged - with details completely unacceptable to Alexios
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard addressed his counts, allowed them to choose him as leader, & successfully proposed burning their boats
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios planned to attack Guiscard's camp; Guiscard moved his army & drew it up for battle
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
After a closely-fought struggle, the Normans were completely victorious, with heavy Byzantine casualties
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
When all was lost, Alexios made his escape - both heroic & miraculous, as reported to Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
After plundering Alexios' camp, Guiscard returned to his own, deciding whether to stay near Dyrrachion or advance further
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Gregory VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, congratulating him but summoning him back
Certainty: 2
1082
Certainty: 3
Inhabitants of Dyrrachion (mainly from Amalfi & Venice) surrendered the city to Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard, hearing of descent by Henry IV, returned to Italy, warning Bohemond to persevere against Alexios
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Bohemond tried to expand his conquests, with mixed success; several counts planned to defect to Alexios
Certainty: 3
1083
Certainty: 3
Alexios planned an ambush which allowed him to devastate Bohemond's camp & defeat half his army
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Bohemond & Guiscard at Salerno discussed collapse of invasion; Guiscard began trying to revive it
Certainty: 3
1084
Certainty: 3
Guiscard sent his sons Guy (whom Alexios had tried to buy) & Roger with his cavalry; they captured Aulona & Butrinto
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard crossed to join his sons at Butrinto, then took the fleet to put down a rebellion on Kerkyra
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios brought in the Venetians, who were more victorious than not in the fierce naval campaign which followed
Certainty: 3
1085
Certainty: 3
After blockading the straits for the winter, the Venetians, with Maurix & the Byzantine fleet, defeated Guiscard's ships
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Amidst growing resistance, Guiscard was kept in the port of Iericho by bad weather for two months
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard beached his ships at the Glykys river, & would later need engineering work to refloat them
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
The Normans at the Glykys river began to starve, while horses & men suffered epidemics; losses were very heavy
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard sent his son Roger to Kephalonia, sailed to join him, but fell ill of a fever & died
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard was succeeded by Roger, who imposed oaths of allegiance & returned to Apulia to bury his father
Certainty: 3
Unassigned Activities
Death
(1)
Description
(13)
Dignity/Office
(8)
Ethnic label
(4)
Kinship
(31)
brother of
Humphrey 10101
frater. Lupus protospatharius 59.25
frater. Anonymus Barensis 152
brother of
Robert 102
ἀδελφόν. Anna Komnene 48.31
brother of
Roger 4003
frater. William of Tyre bk. 11, 21.4-5
fratres ... ex utroque parente. William of Tyre bk. 14, 9.33
fratris. Fulcher of Chartres 2.51.3
father of
Anonyma 15008
(θυγατέρας). Anna Komnene 43.69
father of
Anonyma 15009
(θυγατέρας). Anna Komnene 43.69
father of
Anonymae 2102
(θυγατέρων). Psellos Letters (Sathas) 143.386, 144.390
father of
Anonymus 2122
(ἕνα τῶν υἱῶν σου). Psellos Robert 67-68
father of
Bohemond 61
(υἱός). Zonaras 18.25.1
(filius). William of Tyre bk. 1, 17.28-29
πατρί. Anna Komnene 48.35
(filius). Fulcher of Chartres 1.6.4
father of
Guy 4004
(υἱεῖς). Anna Komnene 176.43
father of
Helena 101
(θυγατέρα). Skylitzes Continuatus 167.5
(θυγάτερα). Zonaras 18.17.7
(θυγάτριον). Psellos Robert 28-29
(μίαν τῶν σῶν θυγατέρων). Psellos Letters (Sathas) 143.386, 144.390
(θυγατέρα). Anna Komnene 39.75
father of
Roger 15001
(υἱόν). Anna Komnene 147.88
(υἱόν). Clement III to Basileios of Calabria 59.7
husband of
Auberee 101
(κατηγγυήσατο). Anna Komnene 36.70
husband of
Gaita 101
(γυναῖκα). Skylitzes Continuatus 167.22
(γυναικός). Anna Komnene 41.34
(σύνευνος). Anna Komnene 133.26
nephew of
Arduin 101
ἀνεψιός. Skylitzes Continuatus 167.16
relative by marriage of
Michael 7
συμπένθερον. Anna Komnene 40.6
κηδεστήν. Anna Komnene 121.36
uncle of
Richard 4001
(nepos). Ralph of Caen 43
Location
(56)