Robert Guiscard E / L XI
Ῥουμπέρδος ὁ Φράγγος (Robert 61)
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Narrative
(108)
1052
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard siezed Petros of Bisignano by a trick
Certainty: 2
1057
Certainty: 2
Death of count Humphrey of Apulia; Robert Guiscard took power in his place
Certainty: 2
1058
Certainty: 2
Leon Thrymbos killed the Scribones at Croton
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Raids of Robert Guiscard from Salerno into Byzantine territory in Italy
Certainty: 2
1059
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard was invested as Duke of Apulia & Calabria
Certainty: 2
1061
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard sailed to Sicily
Certainty: 2
1062
Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi
Certainty: 2
1064
Certainty: 2
Robert of Montescagloioso captured Matera
Certainty: 2
1066
Certainty: 2
Revolt of Nikoulitzas Delphinas at Larissa
Certainty: 2
1068
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard captured Uggiano & Montepeloso, then began the siege of Bari
Certainty: 3
1070
Certainty: 1
Romanos started negotiations to marry his infant son to one of Robert Guiscard's daughters
Certainty: 1
1071
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Norman naval victory hindered final attempt to relieve Bari
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3
Surrender of Bari to Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard left for Sicily & began the siege of Palermo
Certainty: 3
1072
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard captured Palermo
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Michael VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, proposing to marry his brother Konstantios to a daughter of Guiscard
Certainty: 2
1074
Certainty: 3
Proposed marriage of Michael VII's son Konstantinos to Helena, daughter of Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
1075
Certainty: 3
Excommunication of Robert Guiscard & Robert of Loritello by Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
1080
Certainty: 3
Investiture of Robert Guiscard by Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard swore fidelity to the Roman church & Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Appearance in South Italy of false Michael VII, either through his own initiative or that of Guiscard
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3
Gregory VII supported (the false) Michael VII in a letter to the bishops of Apulia & Calabria
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard used the false Michael VII as pretext to prepare invasion of Byzantium
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Rudolf of Swabia & Welf of Bavaria, supported by pope Gregory VII, defeated by emperor Henry IV
Certainty: 2
1081
Certainty: 3
Alexios I, virtually without troops or money, faced Turks in the east & Guiscard in the west
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard left his son Roger in Italy, planning to attack Dyrrachion by sea aided by Bohemond on land
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Despite a destructive storm, Guiscard assembled his forces & threatened Dyrrachion
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios I sought to win allies against Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Georgios Palaiologos fortified Dyrrachion, rallied the defenders & reported to Alexios I
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Siege of Dyrrachion began with questions over identity of "Michael VII"
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
The Venetians were paid for aid: they defeated Bohemond & were rewarded
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
News of battles near Dyrrachion: Palaiologos was wounded, war was conducted by towers
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios camped at Dyrrachion, wrote to Guiscard & searched for the right battleground
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard hinted at peace, if Michael VII was avenged - with details completely unacceptable to Alexios
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard addressed his counts, allowed them to choose him as leader, & successfully proposed burning their boats
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios planned to attack Guiscard's camp; Guiscard moved his army & drew it up for battle
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
After a closely-fought struggle, the Normans were completely victorious, with heavy Byzantine casualties
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
When all was lost, Alexios made his escape - both heroic & miraculous, as reported to Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
After plundering Alexios' camp, Guiscard returned to his own, deciding whether to stay near Dyrrachion or advance further
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Gregory VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, congratulating him but summoning him back
Certainty: 2
1082
Certainty: 3
Inhabitants of Dyrrachion (mainly from Amalfi & Venice) surrendered the city to Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard, hearing of descent by Henry IV, returned to Italy, warning Bohemond to persevere against Alexios
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Bohemond tried to expand his conquests, with mixed success; several counts planned to defect to Alexios
Certainty: 3
1083
Certainty: 3
Alexios planned an ambush which allowed him to devastate Bohemond's camp & defeat half his army
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Bohemond & Guiscard at Salerno discussed collapse of invasion; Guiscard began trying to revive it
Certainty: 3
1084
Certainty: 3
Guiscard sent his sons Guy (whom Alexios had tried to buy) & Roger with his cavalry; they captured Aulona & Butrinto
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard crossed to join his sons at Butrinto, then took the fleet to put down a rebellion on Kerkyra
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios brought in the Venetians, who were more victorious than not in the fierce naval campaign which followed
Certainty: 3
1085
Certainty: 3
After blockading the straits for the winter, the Venetians, with Maurix & the Byzantine fleet, defeated Guiscard's ships
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Amidst growing resistance, Guiscard was kept in the port of Iericho by bad weather for two months
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard beached his ships at the Glykys river, & would later need engineering work to refloat them
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
The Normans at the Glykys river began to starve, while horses & men suffered epidemics; losses were very heavy
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard sent his son Roger to Kephalonia, sailed to join him, but fell ill of a fever & died
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard was succeeded by Roger, who imposed oaths of allegiance & returned to Apulia to bury his father
Certainty: 3
Unassigned Activities
Death
(1)
Description
(13)
Dignity/Office
(8)
Ethnic label
(4)
Kinship
(31)
Location
(56)
Acerenza
captured the city of Acerenza Acherontinam. Lupus protospatharius 59.31
Amalfi
prepared for war against Byzantium at Salerno, capital of the lands of Amalfi Μέλφης. Anna Komnene 43.68
Bari (Apulia)
began the siege of Bari Bari. Lupus protospatharius 60.1
exchanged oaths with the people of Bari Bari. Anonymus Barensis 152
finally captured Bari Bari. Lupus protospatharius 60.11
with a bridge of boats blockaded the port of Bari Barum. Lupus protospatharius 60.8-9
Benevento
met pope
Gregorios 27
to make peace near Benevento Βενεβενδοῦ. Anna Komnene 45.37
Brindisi
again (?) siezed Brindisi Brundusium. Lupus protospatharius 59.33
during the siege of Bari managed to enter Brindisi Brundusiapolim. Lupus protospatharius 60.8
launched his invasion of Byzantium from the port of Brindisi Βρεντήσιον. Anna Komnene 50.30
Butrinto
met
Guy 4004
and
Roger 15001
at Butrinto Βοθρεντοῦ. Anna Komnene 176.56
was crushed by a new Venetian fleet near his camp at Butrinto Βοθρεντόν. Anna Komnene 178.20
Calabria
raided Roman provinces and subjugated Calabria Καλαβρίαν. Skylitzes Continuatus 167.26-27
Ceprano
swore an oath of loyalty to the church and
Gregorios 27
at Ceprano Ciperani. Gregory VII, in Caspar VIII, 1a (514-515)
Crotone
sent emissaries to search for a Greek monk at Cotrone Κοτρώνην. Anna Komnene 41.36
Dyrrachion
chose the crossing from Brindisi to Dyrrachion Δυρράχιον. Anna Komnene 51.31-36
crossed to Dyrrachion τὸν δάμνον. Glykas 619.13
crossed to Dyrrachion Ἐπίδαμνον. Zonaras 18.22.1
made an expedition against Dyrrachion ᾿Επίδαμνον. Kinnamos 174.18, 281.1
Dyrrachion: Hagios Theodoros
took communion before the battle at Hagios Theodoros τὸ παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν ἐπ᾽ ὀνόματι τοῦ μάρτυρος Θεοδώρου πάλαι ἀνοικοδομηθὲν τέμενος. Anna Komnene 132.79-80
Francia
brought his first wife (
Auberee 101
) from Francia ἀπὸ Φραγκίας. Skylitzes Continuatus 167.21
Glabenitza (near Dristra)
thought of wintering in Glabenitza (near Dristra) Γλαβινίτζα. Anna Komnene 141.7
waited a week for rest at Glabenitza (near Dristra) Γλαβενίτζαν. Anna Komnene 118.73
Glossa (headland opposite Kerkyra)
suffered severely in a storm near Glossa Γλῶσσαν. Anna Komnene 117.38
Glykys (river in Epiros)
was blockaded in his camp on the river Glykys Γλυκύν. Anna Komnene 125.61
Hiericho (Albania)
was forced to wait two months in the port of Hiericho Ἱεριχώ. Anna Komnene 125.55
Ioannina
thought of wintering in Ioannina Ἰωάννινα. Anna Komnene 141.7
Italy
raided Roman provinces and captured Italy Ἰταλίαν. Skylitzes Continuatus 167.27
Jerusalem (Kephallenia or Ithake)
connected the name of Jerusalem with a prophecy of his death Ἱερουσαλήμ. Anna Komnene 179.56
Kassope (Kerkyra)
was defeated by the Venetians in a sea-battle at Kassope Κασσόπη. Anna Komnene 177.72
Kephallenia: Ather (promontory)
died near Ather Ἀθέρα. Anna Komnene 179.48
Kerkyra
crossing to Dyrrachion, a side-attack gave him possession of Kerkyra Κορυφώ. Anna Komnene 51.52
left to put down a rebellion at Kerkyra Κορυφώ. Anna Komnene 176.60
totally defeated the Venetians in a sea-battle near the harbour at Kerkyra περὶ τὸν λιμένα τῆς Κορυφώ. Anna Komnene 177.89-90
Longibardia
held sway over Longibardia τὴν Λογγιβαρδίαν. Skylitzes Continuatus 167.4
was ruler of Longibardia Λογγιβαρδίας. Zonaras 18.17.7
Matera
captured Matera Matera. Lupus protospatharius 59.35
Miriarcha?
siezed Miriarcha? Miriarcha. Lupus protospatharius 59.33
Montepeloso
he besieged and eventually captured Montepeloso Montempillosum. Lupus protospatharius 46-48
Naupaktos
rejected the Otranto - Nikopolis crossing, though it gave access to places like Naupaktos Ναύπακτον. Anna Komnene 51.37
Nikopolis (Epiros)
rejected the longer crossing from Otranto to Nikopolis Νικοπὀλεις. Anna Komnene 51.37
Obbianum
while besieging Montepeloso captured Obbianum Obbianum. Lupus protospatharius 59.47
Oria
took over Oria Oriem. Lupus protospatharius 59.33
Otranto (Apulia)
before departing for Byzantium, waited for
Gaita 101
at Otranto Anna Komnene 48.48
rejected the longer crossing to Nikopolis from Otranto Ἱδροῦντος. Anna Komnene 51.37
Palermo
captured Palermo Palermo. Anonymus Barensis 153
finally captured Palermo Panhormum. Lupus protospatharius 60.14
set siege to Palermo Palermo. Anonymus Barensis 153
took hostages from Palermo Panhormi. Lupus protospatharius 59.36-37
Reggio (Calabria)
captured Reggio (Calabria) τὸ Ῥήγιον. Skylitzes Continuatus 168.22
Salerno (Italy)
met the defeated
Bohemond 61
at Salerno Σαλερηνόν. Anna Komnene 175.21
prepared for war against Byzantium at Salerno in the territory of Amalfi Σάλερνον. Anna Komnene 43.68
went to live on his wife (
Gaita 101
)'s lands at Salerno (Italy) Σαλερνός. Skylitzes Continuatus 167.25
Sicily
invaded Sicily Siciliam. Lupus protospatharius 59.36
set sail for Sicily Sicilia. Anonymus Barensis 152
Venosa (Apulia-Calabria border)
was buried in the family tomb at Venosa Βενούσιον. Anna Komnene 180.74