Robert Guiscard E / L XI
Ῥουμπέρδος ὁ Φράγγος (Robert 61)
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Narrative
(108)
1052
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard siezed Petros of Bisignano by a trick
Certainty: 2
1057
Certainty: 2
Death of count Humphrey of Apulia; Robert Guiscard took power in his place
Certainty: 2
1058
Certainty: 2
Leon Thrymbos killed the Scribones at Croton
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Raids of Robert Guiscard from Salerno into Byzantine territory in Italy
Certainty: 2
1059
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard was invested as Duke of Apulia & Calabria
Certainty: 2
1061
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard sailed to Sicily
Certainty: 2
1062
Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi
Certainty: 2
1064
Certainty: 2
Robert of Montescagloioso captured Matera
Certainty: 2
1066
Certainty: 2
Revolt of Nikoulitzas Delphinas at Larissa
Certainty: 2
1068
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard captured Uggiano & Montepeloso, then began the siege of Bari
Certainty: 3
1070
Certainty: 1
Romanos started negotiations to marry his infant son to one of Robert Guiscard's daughters
Certainty: 1
1071
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Norman naval victory hindered final attempt to relieve Bari
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3
Surrender of Bari to Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard left for Sicily & began the siege of Palermo
Certainty: 3
1072
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard captured Palermo
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Michael VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, proposing to marry his brother Konstantios to a daughter of Guiscard
Certainty: 2
1074
Certainty: 3
Proposed marriage of Michael VII's son Konstantinos to Helena, daughter of Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
1075
Certainty: 3
Excommunication of Robert Guiscard & Robert of Loritello by Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
1080
Certainty: 3
Investiture of Robert Guiscard by Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard swore fidelity to the Roman church & Gregory VII
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Appearance in South Italy of false Michael VII, either through his own initiative or that of Guiscard
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3
Gregory VII supported (the false) Michael VII in a letter to the bishops of Apulia & Calabria
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Robert Guiscard used the false Michael VII as pretext to prepare invasion of Byzantium
Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2
Rudolf of Swabia & Welf of Bavaria, supported by pope Gregory VII, defeated by emperor Henry IV
Certainty: 2
1081
Certainty: 3
Alexios I, virtually without troops or money, faced Turks in the east & Guiscard in the west
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard left his son Roger in Italy, planning to attack Dyrrachion by sea aided by Bohemond on land
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Despite a destructive storm, Guiscard assembled his forces & threatened Dyrrachion
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios I sought to win allies against Robert Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Georgios Palaiologos fortified Dyrrachion, rallied the defenders & reported to Alexios I
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Siege of Dyrrachion began with questions over identity of "Michael VII"
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
The Venetians were paid for aid: they defeated Bohemond & were rewarded
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
News of battles near Dyrrachion: Palaiologos was wounded, war was conducted by towers
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios camped at Dyrrachion, wrote to Guiscard & searched for the right battleground
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard hinted at peace, if Michael VII was avenged - with details completely unacceptable to Alexios
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard addressed his counts, allowed them to choose him as leader, & successfully proposed burning their boats
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios planned to attack Guiscard's camp; Guiscard moved his army & drew it up for battle
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
After a closely-fought struggle, the Normans were completely victorious, with heavy Byzantine casualties
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
When all was lost, Alexios made his escape - both heroic & miraculous, as reported to Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
After plundering Alexios' camp, Guiscard returned to his own, deciding whether to stay near Dyrrachion or advance further
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2
Gregory VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, congratulating him but summoning him back
Certainty: 2
1082
Certainty: 3
Inhabitants of Dyrrachion (mainly from Amalfi & Venice) surrendered the city to Guiscard
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard, hearing of descent by Henry IV, returned to Italy, warning Bohemond to persevere against Alexios
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Bohemond tried to expand his conquests, with mixed success; several counts planned to defect to Alexios
Certainty: 3
1083
Certainty: 3
Alexios planned an ambush which allowed him to devastate Bohemond's camp & defeat half his army
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Bohemond & Guiscard at Salerno discussed collapse of invasion; Guiscard began trying to revive it
Certainty: 3
1084
Certainty: 3
Guiscard sent his sons Guy (whom Alexios had tried to buy) & Roger with his cavalry; they captured Aulona & Butrinto
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard crossed to join his sons at Butrinto, then took the fleet to put down a rebellion on Kerkyra
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Alexios brought in the Venetians, who were more victorious than not in the fierce naval campaign which followed
Certainty: 3
1085
Certainty: 3
After blockading the straits for the winter, the Venetians, with Maurix & the Byzantine fleet, defeated Guiscard's ships
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Amidst growing resistance, Guiscard was kept in the port of Iericho by bad weather for two months
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard beached his ships at the Glykys river, & would later need engineering work to refloat them
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
The Normans at the Glykys river began to starve, while horses & men suffered epidemics; losses were very heavy
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Robert Guiscard sent his son Roger to Kephalonia, sailed to join him, but fell ill of a fever & died
Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3
Guiscard was succeeded by Roger, who imposed oaths of allegiance & returned to Apulia to bury his father
Certainty: 3
Unassigned Activities
Death
(1)
He sailed to join
Roger 15001
, but before he reached him, he was attacked by a fever near a promontory called Ather; the names Ather and Jerusalem (on Ithake) were combined in a prophecy of his death, which followed six days later
Anna Komnene 179.46-180.62
Description
(13)
Dignity/Office
(8)
Ethnic label
(4)
Kinship
(31)
Location
(56)