Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard siezed Petros of Bisignano by a trick Certainty: 2
1057
Certainty: 2 Death of count Humphrey of Apulia; Robert Guiscard took power in his place Certainty: 2
1058
Certainty: 2 Leon Thrymbos killed the Scribones at Croton
Leon Thrymbos, doux of Italy, had the Scribones killed at Croton [members of a prominent local family?]. This caused so much discontent in Calabria that Leon was forced to flee, and made his escape to Isaakios I. Robert Guiscard was able to exploit the situation by capturing Reggio
Certainty: 2 Raids of Robert Guiscard from Salerno into Byzantine territory in Italy Certainty: 2
1059
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard was invested as Duke of Apulia & Calabria Certainty: 2
1061
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard sailed to Sicily Certainty: 2
1062
Robert Guiscard captured BrindisiCertainty: 2
1064
Certainty: 2 Robert of Montescagloioso captured Matera Certainty: 2
1066
Certainty: 2 Revolt of Nikoulitzas Delphinas at Larissa Certainty: 2
1068
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard captured Uggiano & Montepeloso, then began the siege of Bari Certainty: 3
1070
Certainty: 1 Romanos started negotiations to marry his infant son to one of Robert Guiscard's daughters Certainty: 1
1071
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard captured Brindisi Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Norman naval victory hindered final attempt to relieve Bari Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Surrender of Bari to Robert Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard left for Sicily & began the siege of Palermo Certainty: 3
1072
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard captured Palermo Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Michael VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, proposing to marry his brother Konstantios to a daughter of Guiscard Certainty: 2
1074
Certainty: 3 Proposed marriage of Michael VII's son Konstantinos to Helena, daughter of Robert Guiscard Certainty: 3
1075
Certainty: 3 Excommunication of Robert Guiscard & Robert of Loritello by Gregory VII Certainty: 3
1080
Certainty: 3 Investiture of Robert Guiscard by Gregory VII Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard swore fidelity to the Roman church & Gregory VII Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Appearance in South Italy of false Michael VII, either through his own initiative or that of Guiscard Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Gregory VII supported (the false) Michael VII in a letter to the bishops of Apulia & Calabria Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Robert Guiscard used the false Michael VII as pretext to prepare invasion of Byzantium Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Rudolf of Swabia & Welf of Bavaria, supported by pope Gregory VII, defeated by emperor Henry IV Certainty: 2
1081
Certainty: 3 Alexios I, virtually without troops or money, faced Turks in the east & Guiscard in the west Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard left his son Roger in Italy, planning to attack Dyrrachion by sea aided by Bohemond on land Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Despite a destructive storm, Guiscard assembled his forces & threatened Dyrrachion Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I sought to win allies against Robert Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Georgios Palaiologos fortified Dyrrachion, rallied the defenders & reported to Alexios I
Alexios I instructed Georgios Palaiologos to repair the battlements of Dyrrachion leaving most of the planks without nails; thus if the enemy climbed ladders, as soon as they reached the battlements they would crash to the ground. He followed these instructions. He also saw to the manning of the walls and set up catapults there, and personally tested the vigilance of his sentinels, reporting everything to Alexios I: Robert's own catapults, his huge tower protected by hides with catapults on top, and his growing army and fleet
Certainty: 3 Siege of Dyrrachion began with questions over identity of "Michael VII" Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Venetians were paid for aid: they defeated Bohemond & were rewarded Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 News of battles near Dyrrachion: Palaiologos was wounded, war was conducted by towers Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios camped at Dyrrachion, wrote to Guiscard & searched for the right battleground Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard hinted at peace, if Michael VII was avenged - with details completely unacceptable to Alexios Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard addressed his counts, allowed them to choose him as leader, & successfully proposed burning their boats Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios planned to attack Guiscard's camp; Guiscard moved his army & drew it up for battle Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 After a closely-fought struggle, the Normans were completely victorious, with heavy Byzantine casualties Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 When all was lost, Alexios made his escape - both heroic & miraculous, as reported to Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 After plundering Alexios' camp, Guiscard returned to his own, deciding whether to stay near Dyrrachion or advance further Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Gregory VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, congratulating him but summoning him back Certainty: 2
1082
Certainty: 3 Inhabitants of Dyrrachion (mainly from Amalfi & Venice) surrendered the city to Guiscard Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard, hearing of descent by Henry IV, returned to Italy, warning Bohemond to persevere against Alexios Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond tried to expand his conquests, with mixed success; several counts planned to defect to Alexios Certainty: 3
1083
Certainty: 3 Alexios planned an ambush which allowed him to devastate Bohemond's camp & defeat half his army Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond & Guiscard at Salerno discussed collapse of invasion; Guiscard began trying to revive it Certainty: 3
1084
Certainty: 3 Guiscard sent his sons Guy (whom Alexios had tried to buy) & Roger with his cavalry; they captured Aulona & Butrinto
He summoned his sons Guy and Roger, gave them all the cavalry, and sent them to cross the Adriatic and capture Avlon and Butrinto. They captured Avlon and garrisoned it, then went on to Butrinto, which they also stormed. (Guy had received an offer from Alexios of a Byzantine imperial marriage, a high dignity and plenty of money, in an attempt to separate him from Robert, his father; he listened, but made no reply)
Certainty: 3 Guiscard crossed to join his sons at Butrinto, then took the fleet to put down a rebellion on Kerkyra Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios brought in the Venetians, who were more victorious than not in the fierce naval campaign which followed Certainty: 3
1085
Certainty: 3 After blockading the straits for the winter, the Venetians, with Maurix & the Byzantine fleet, defeated Guiscard's ships Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Amidst growing resistance, Guiscard was kept in the port of Iericho by bad weather for two months Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard beached his ships at the Glykys river, & would later need engineering work to refloat them Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Normans at the Glykys river began to starve, while horses & men suffered epidemics; losses were very heavy Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Robert Guiscard sent his son Roger to Kephalonia, sailed to join him, but fell ill of a fever & died Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Guiscard was succeeded by Roger, who imposed oaths of allegiance & returned to Apulia to bury his father Certainty: 3