Certainty: 1 Romanos Diogenes became known to the Hungarians, as his life was saved by Nikephoros Botaneiates Certainty: 1
1065
Certainty: 2 Romanos (IV) appointed doux of Serdica Certainty: 2
1067
Certainty: 2 Discovery of plots of Romanos Diogenes with Hungarians & his banishment to an island Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Death & burial of Konstantinos X; succeeded by his wife Eudokia Makrembolitissa Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Eudokia & other judges found Romanos IV attractive, felt sympathy & pardoned him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Nikephoros (III) Botaneiates proposed as emperor but Romanos (IV) Diogenes selected instead Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Recall from exile of Romanos Diogenes, appointed magistros & stratelates Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Needs of empire or oaths sworn to Konstantinos X? Xiphilinos wondered whether to let Eudokia remarry Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Eudokia used a eunuch's persuasiveness to escape from oath sworn to Konstantinos X Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Eudokia & Psellos told Michael VII of her impending marriage to Romanos (IV) Certainty: 3
1068
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes married Eudokia & was proclaimed emperor Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Eudokia's children & kaisar Ioannes from the start impeded Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV for a time kept his agreements with Eudokia & ruled for her children Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV allowed Nikoulitzas Delphinas to come to the capital, & rewarded his sons Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Nikephoritzes freed from prison at Antioch & sent as krites to Hellas & Peloponnesos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote Oratio Panegyrica 12 for Eudokia, on her recent choice of Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Psellos wrote Oratio Panegyrica 19 for Romanos IV as he left in winter on his first campaign as emperor Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Campaign already begun by Romanos IV Diogenes against Turks Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Manuel Komnenos was made protostrator & soon after strategos of the eastern tagmata Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV began to reconstruct tagmata of Anatolikon from their pitiful remains Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Strategy of Alp Arslan before first campaign of Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Neokaisareia pillaged by Turks, infuriating Romanos IV, who had turned south Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV turned after northern Turkish army, leaving stepson Andronikos at Sebasteia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to five friends in central Anatolia to reconcile the bishop of Gordiason with the bishop of Matiane Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Byzantines crossed mountains of Tephrike, causing panic among the Turks, but were too tired to fight Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos returned to Sebasteia after his victory & advanced towards Syria Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Romanos sent a force to Melitene, then marched into Syria Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Psellos wrote to Eustratios Choirosphaktes, with congratulations on Romanos IV's victory Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Romanos IV, in despair at his long absence, listing all of his virtues of which he felt deprived Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV appointed Khacatur doux of Antioch Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos' army camped near Aleppo & moved on to capture Hierapolis, which was full of provisions Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Resistance in Hierapolis ended by capture of the akropolis, with the aid of Petros Libellisios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Victory of Mahmud of Aleppo outside Hierapolis, with heavy Byzantine casualties Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Next day, Romanos put the enemy to flight with a sudden attack, but victory could not be completed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Turks passed garrison at Melitene unscathed, then destroyed Amorion, enslaving its population Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV left a garrison under Pharasmanes Apokapes in Hierapolis, & began to retreat
When Romanos IV returned to the camp after turning away the enemy, he decided to appoint a commander for the acropolis in order to settle Romans and Armenians in Hierapolis. He set a garrison there under Pharasmanes Apokapes. At this moment, with a potential victory turning into retreat, Michael Attaleiates realised that the Romans were no longer able to seize opportunities, organise an army or fight wisely
Certainty: 2 Romanos bypassed 'Azaz, destroyed Katma & had a skirmish at Terchala Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 The Arabs evacuated Artah (near Antioch), where Romanos re-established a Byzantine garrison Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Army avoided Antioch, where food was short, crossing the Tauros into Anatolia, suffering from cold Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Romanos heard at Gytarion of the Amorion disaster, but was helpless in midwinter: his army dispersed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Romanos' army returned after a pointless campaign: warfare for warfare's sake Certainty: 2
1069
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Romanos IV, seeking favour & right to compose encomia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 After making yearly distributions, Romanos IV left Constantinople on new campaign against Turks Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Psellos, after strong pressure (he claimed) from Romanos IV, joined his 1069 expedition Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Rebellion of Robert Crépin, who was wintering in the east & wanted more pay Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 After winning several skirmishes, Crépin defeated imperial troops under Samuel Alousianos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Attaleiates was persuaded to join expedition by promotion to patrikios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Submission of rebel Robert Crépin to Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Robert Crépin dismissed from army for continued plotting: his Normans raided Mesopotamia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Banishment of Robert Crépin to Abydos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After dismissing Crepin, Romanos IV advanced to Caesarea & Larissa, where he was ambushed Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After long & confused battle Romanos defeated the ambush, executing all the prisoners Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Konstantinos, nephew of Keroularios, mentioning ambush & Larissa-Melitene journey Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos pursued Turks to Euphrates, then planned to go home & leave an army to hold the area Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Attaleiates spoke against Romanos' plan, proposing to block the enemy & gain booty at Chliat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos, persuaded by Attaleiates, crossed Euphrates: but he soon reverted to former plan Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos left the best of the army with Philaretos Brachamios, & retreated into the Tauros Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Brachamios' men, defeated with heavy losses, followed Romanos & scattered through the Tauros Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Victorious Turks did not enter Tauros, but went off to sack Ikonion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos gathered stragglers, then, at proposal of Attaleiates, moved to save undamaged themes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Romanos about his return to Constantinople & publicity given to his victory over the ambush Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos reached Sebasteia, heard too late of the destruction of Ikonion, & sent troops to Cilicia to block the Turkish retreat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 The Turks retreating from Ikonion passed the Byzantines at Mopsuestia without being attacked Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to kaisar Ioannes, encouraging him to hope for the favour of Eudokia & even Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos IV returned to Constantinople, leaving a detachment to counter Turkish raids Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Romanos returned from a second pointless campaign, with much action but no gains Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV began to despise Eudokia, her sons & kaisar Ioannes Doukas Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Kaisar Ioannes & his son Andronikos decided on revenge against Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Psellos wrote Oratio Panegyrica 20 & 21 for Romanos IV, as he left Constantinople on campaign Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV made Nikephoros Bryennios his adoptive brother Certainty: 1
1070
Certainty: 2 Blachernai church burned to the ground Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV decided to spend 1070 in Constantinople, sending Manuel Komnenos to fight in Anatolia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Successful campaign under Manuel Komnenos against Turks under Erisgen invading Armeniakon Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Siege of Hierapolis by Turks diverted part of Manuel Komnenos' army Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Capture of Chonai & pillage of shrine of St Michael by Turks Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Six months of destructive Turkish raids in Anatolia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Erisgen arrived in Constantinople bringing Manuel Komnenos: he was accepted as an ally Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV created an imperial resort at Aretai, on a hill just outside the city Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV built a monastery on the summit of Prote in the Princes' Islands Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV raised the bishopric of Nazianzos to metropolitan status
Romanos IV raised the bishopric of Nazianzos to metropolitan status
Certainty: 1 Romanos started negotiations to marry his infant son to one of Robert Guiscard's daughters Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Chrysobull of Romanos IV for Nea Mone (Chios) Certainty: 1
1071
Certainty: 3 Fresh forces crossed Bosporos with Romanos IV against Turks, landing at ill-omened spot Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Ominous dark-coloured dove landed on Romanos IV; he sent it to Eudokia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Romanos IV confirming the independence of Nea Mone (Chios) Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Manuel Komnenos died in Bithynia in campaign against Turks: mourned by Anna Dalassene Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Nikephoros Botaneiates made strategos of Anatolikon Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios (I) Komnenos joined campaign of Romanos IV, but was sent back to console his mother Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Despite burning of imperial camp in Anatolikon, the army advanced across Sangarios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos gathered remnants of defeated army, while living away from his men on his own estates Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alp Arslan began his campaign against Byzantium Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 German mercenaries plundered area near Caesarea & made abortive attack on Romanos himself Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV was joined by troops from Syria & Armenia under Nikephoros Basilakes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos chose route beyond Sebasteia covered with corpses from campaign of 1070 Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 At Theodosioupolis Romanos took two months of provisions, because country ahead was destroyed Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Byzantine army divided: Roussel & Tarchaneiotes marched on Chliat, Romanos made for Mantzikert Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Information reached Romanos IV at Mantzikert that Alp Arslan had fled to Baghdad Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Mantzikert surrendered by its Turkish garrison to Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos garrisoned Mantzikert with Byzantine troops, cruelly punishing misdemeanors Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Turkish forces reported nearby: Nikephoros Bryennios, sent against them, later demanded reinforcements Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 In celebration of liturgy, Attaleiates & others felt appropriateness of John 15.20-16.2 Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos still unaware of danger: he called Bryennios a coward & sent Nikephoros Basilakes to aid him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos implies that though Romanos knew nothing of sultan's presence, he (Psellos) did know Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bryennios & Basilakes continued the fight, the latter taking the lead & being captured Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 No enemy was visible till dusk Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 The Roman camp was surrounded, & no word came from Chliat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Some of Romanos IV's generals remained overconfident, though Uze mercenaries defected to the Turks Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos still hoped for aid from Tarchaneiotes at Chliat: but he had retreated dishonourably Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Attaleiates successfully had remaining Pechenegs swear loyalty: no more would defect Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Turks requested peace from Romanos IV as he drew up his army, but he decided to attack Certainty: 3
Battle of Mantzikert (general factoids)Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Turks used tactic of feigned flight, enticing Romanos far from his camp & confusing the ranks Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Turkish tactics & intervention of Andronikos Doukas led to defeat & capture of emperor Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Tricked by sultan, with divided forces, dangerously exposed, Romanos was defeated & captured Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Andronikos Doukas (or Ioannes the kaisar) turned Byzantine victory to defeat, leaving Romanos IV to be captured Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alp Arslan reassured Romanos he would be treated honourably, kept him for 8 days & set him free Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Survivors of Mantzikert brought confusing news to Constantinople Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos hurried westwards via Koloneia: at Melissopetri he learned that his wife had deposed him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Michael VII proclaimed sole emperor by palace guard; Eudokia evicted Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Dokeia captured by Romanos Diogenes, who established himself in Amaseia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Troops under kaisar's son Konstantinos Doukas sent by Michael VII against Romanos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos won Cappadocians under Alyates & many Franks, but Michael VII sent exiled Robert Crépin Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Victory of Konstantinos Doukas over Romanos Diogenes at Dokeia: Theodoros Alyates blinded Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Khacatur, doux of Antioch, ordered by Michael VII to attack Romanos Diogenes, joined his forces Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos & Khacatur wintered in Cilicia, missing (Attaleiates says) a good chance to advance Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos congratulated Andronikos Doukas on his victory, though Romanos IV was still free, & prepared a poem for his triumph Certainty: 2
1072
Certainty: 2 Andronikos Doukas (kaisar's other son) & Crepin built up an army without interference Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Andronikos Doukas invaded Cilicia, over passes Romanos should have defended Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Michael VII sent more peace overtures through group of bishops, but too late Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Andronikos Doukas & Robert Crepin defeated & captured Khacatur in Cilicia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Unsuccessful embassy of deposed Romanos Diogenes to win over Robert Crépin Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Siege of Adana by Andronikos Doukas; abdication & tonsure of Romanos Diogenes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Deposed Romanos Diogenes surrendered (or was surrendered by his troops) to Andronikos Doukas Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes blinded at Kotyaeion & banished to Prote Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes blinded Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to the blinded Romanos IV, offering consolation of divine inner light Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Michael VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, proposing to marry his brother Konstantios to a daughter of Guiscard Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes died on Prote, to be buried & mourned by his wife Eudokia Certainty: 3
1074
Certainty: 2 Roussel held Basileios Maleses (just released by Turks) as prisoner & (probably) advocate of peace Certainty: 2
1081
Certainty: 2 The Komennoi set up headquarters at Aretai, near the walls, & from there kept up a siege without engines Certainty: 2