Certainty: 1 Romanos Diogenes became known to the Hungarians, as his life was saved by Nikephoros Botaneiates Certainty: 1
1065
Certainty: 2 Romanos (IV) appointed doux of Serdica Certainty: 2
1067
Certainty: 2 Discovery of plots of Romanos Diogenes with Hungarians & his banishment to an island Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Death & burial of Konstantinos X; succeeded by his wife Eudokia Makrembolitissa Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Eudokia & other judges found Romanos IV attractive, felt sympathy & pardoned him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Nikephoros (III) Botaneiates proposed as emperor but Romanos (IV) Diogenes selected instead Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Recall from exile of Romanos Diogenes, appointed magistros & stratelates Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Needs of empire or oaths sworn to Konstantinos X? Xiphilinos wondered whether to let Eudokia remarry Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Eudokia used a eunuch's persuasiveness to escape from oath sworn to Konstantinos X Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Eudokia & Psellos told Michael VII of her impending marriage to Romanos (IV) Certainty: 3
1068
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes married Eudokia & was proclaimed emperor Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Eudokia's children & kaisar Ioannes from the start impeded Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV for a time kept his agreements with Eudokia & ruled for her children Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV allowed Nikoulitzas Delphinas to come to the capital, & rewarded his sons Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Nikephoritzes freed from prison at Antioch & sent as krites to Hellas & Peloponnesos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote Oratio Panegyrica 12 for Eudokia, on her recent choice of Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Psellos wrote Oratio Panegyrica 19 for Romanos IV as he left in winter on his first campaign as emperor Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Campaign already begun by Romanos IV Diogenes against Turks Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Manuel Komnenos was made protostrator & soon after strategos of the eastern tagmata Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV began to reconstruct tagmata of Anatolikon from their pitiful remains Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Strategy of Alp Arslan before first campaign of Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Neokaisareia pillaged by Turks, infuriating Romanos IV, who had turned south Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV turned after northern Turkish army, leaving stepson Andronikos at Sebasteia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to five friends in central Anatolia to reconcile the bishop of Gordiason with the bishop of Matiane Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Byzantines crossed mountains of Tephrike, causing panic among the Turks, but were too tired to fight Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos returned to Sebasteia after his victory & advanced towards Syria Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Romanos sent a force to Melitene, then marched into Syria Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Psellos wrote to Eustratios Choirosphaktes, with congratulations on Romanos IV's victory Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Romanos IV, in despair at his long absence, listing all of his virtues of which he felt deprived Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV appointed Khacatur doux of Antioch Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos' army camped near Aleppo & moved on to capture Hierapolis, which was full of provisions Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Resistance in Hierapolis ended by capture of the akropolis, with the aid of Petros Libellisios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Victory of Mahmud of Aleppo outside Hierapolis, with heavy Byzantine casualties Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Next day, Romanos put the enemy to flight with a sudden attack, but victory could not be completed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Turks passed garrison at Melitene unscathed, then destroyed Amorion, enslaving its population Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV left a garrison under Pharasmanes Apokapes in Hierapolis, & began to retreat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos bypassed 'Azaz, destroyed Katma & had a skirmish at Terchala Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 The Arabs evacuated Artah (near Antioch), where Romanos re-established a Byzantine garrison Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Army avoided Antioch, where food was short, crossing the Tauros into Anatolia, suffering from cold Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Romanos heard at Gytarion of the Amorion disaster, but was helpless in midwinter: his army dispersed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Romanos' army returned after a pointless campaign: warfare for warfare's sake Certainty: 2
1069
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Romanos IV, seeking favour & right to compose encomia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 After making yearly distributions, Romanos IV left Constantinople on new campaign against Turks
Romanos IV arrived back from Syria, then spent some time in Constantinople taking care of administrative matters, distributing dignities and their annual allowance to senators. Before Easter he sailed over to the palace of Hieria intending to march on campaign. At the beginning of spring the enemy had given trouble and his earlier triumph was put in doubt. Preparations were made for a second expedition, in which Psellos had a small role
Certainty: 2 Psellos, after strong pressure (he claimed) from Romanos IV, joined his 1069 expedition Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Rebellion of Robert Crépin, who was wintering in the east & wanted more pay Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 After winning several skirmishes, Crépin defeated imperial troops under Samuel Alousianos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Attaleiates was persuaded to join expedition by promotion to patrikios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Submission of rebel Robert Crépin to Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Robert Crépin dismissed from army for continued plotting: his Normans raided Mesopotamia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Banishment of Robert Crépin to Abydos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After dismissing Crepin, Romanos IV advanced to Caesarea & Larissa, where he was ambushed Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After long & confused battle Romanos defeated the ambush, executing all the prisoners Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Konstantinos, nephew of Keroularios, mentioning ambush & Larissa-Melitene journey Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos pursued Turks to Euphrates, then planned to go home & leave an army to hold the area Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Attaleiates spoke against Romanos' plan, proposing to block the enemy & gain booty at Chliat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos, persuaded by Attaleiates, crossed Euphrates: but he soon reverted to former plan Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos left the best of the army with Philaretos Brachamios, & retreated into the Tauros Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Brachamios' men, defeated with heavy losses, followed Romanos & scattered through the Tauros Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Victorious Turks did not enter Tauros, but went off to sack Ikonion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos gathered stragglers, then, at proposal of Attaleiates, moved to save undamaged themes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to Romanos about his return to Constantinople & publicity given to his victory over the ambush Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos reached Sebasteia, heard too late of the destruction of Ikonion, & sent troops to Cilicia to block the Turkish retreat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 The Turks retreating from Ikonion passed the Byzantines at Mopsuestia without being attacked Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to kaisar Ioannes, encouraging him to hope for the favour of Eudokia & even Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos IV returned to Constantinople, leaving a detachment to counter Turkish raids Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Romanos returned from a second pointless campaign, with much action but no gains Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV began to despise Eudokia, her sons & kaisar Ioannes Doukas Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Kaisar Ioannes & his son Andronikos decided on revenge against Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Psellos wrote Oratio Panegyrica 20 & 21 for Romanos IV, as he left Constantinople on campaign Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV made Nikephoros Bryennios his adoptive brother Certainty: 1
1070
Certainty: 2 Blachernai church burned to the ground Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV decided to spend 1070 in Constantinople, sending Manuel Komnenos to fight in Anatolia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Successful campaign under Manuel Komnenos against Turks under Erisgen invading Armeniakon Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Siege of Hierapolis by Turks diverted part of Manuel Komnenos' army Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Capture of Chonai & pillage of shrine of St Michael by Turks Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Six months of destructive Turkish raids in Anatolia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Erisgen arrived in Constantinople bringing Manuel Komnenos: he was accepted as an ally Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV created an imperial resort at Aretai, on a hill just outside the city Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV built a monastery on the summit of Prote in the Princes' Islands Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Romanos IV raised the bishopric of Nazianzos to metropolitan status Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Romanos started negotiations to marry his infant son to one of Robert Guiscard's daughters Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Chrysobull of Romanos IV for Nea Mone (Chios) Certainty: 1
1071
Certainty: 3 Fresh forces crossed Bosporos with Romanos IV against Turks, landing at ill-omened spot Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Ominous dark-coloured dove landed on Romanos IV; he sent it to Eudokia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Romanos IV confirming the independence of Nea Mone (Chios) Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Manuel Komnenos died in Bithynia in campaign against Turks: mourned by Anna Dalassene Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Nikephoros Botaneiates made strategos of Anatolikon Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios (I) Komnenos joined campaign of Romanos IV, but was sent back to console his mother Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Despite burning of imperial camp in Anatolikon, the army advanced across Sangarios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos gathered remnants of defeated army, while living away from his men on his own estates Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alp Arslan began his campaign against Byzantium Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 German mercenaries plundered area near Caesarea & made abortive attack on Romanos himself Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos IV was joined by troops from Syria & Armenia under Nikephoros Basilakes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos chose route beyond Sebasteia covered with corpses from campaign of 1070 Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 At Theodosioupolis Romanos took two months of provisions, because country ahead was destroyed Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Byzantine army divided: Roussel & Tarchaneiotes marched on Chliat, Romanos made for Mantzikert Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Information reached Romanos IV at Mantzikert that Alp Arslan had fled to Baghdad Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Mantzikert surrendered by its Turkish garrison to Romanos IV Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos garrisoned Mantzikert with Byzantine troops, cruelly punishing misdemeanors Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Turkish forces reported nearby: Nikephoros Bryennios, sent against them, later demanded reinforcements Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 In celebration of liturgy, Attaleiates & others felt appropriateness of John 15.20-16.2 Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos still unaware of danger: he called Bryennios a coward & sent Nikephoros Basilakes to aid him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos implies that though Romanos knew nothing of sultan's presence, he (Psellos) did know Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bryennios & Basilakes continued the fight, the latter taking the lead & being captured Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 No enemy was visible till dusk Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 The Roman camp was surrounded, & no word came from Chliat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Some of Romanos IV's generals remained overconfident, though Uze mercenaries defected to the Turks Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos still hoped for aid from Tarchaneiotes at Chliat: but he had retreated dishonourably Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Attaleiates successfully had remaining Pechenegs swear loyalty: no more would defect Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Turks requested peace from Romanos IV as he drew up his army, but he decided to attack Certainty: 3
Battle of Mantzikert (general factoids)Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Turks used tactic of feigned flight, enticing Romanos far from his camp & confusing the ranks Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Turkish tactics & intervention of Andronikos Doukas led to defeat & capture of emperor Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Tricked by sultan, with divided forces, dangerously exposed, Romanos was defeated & captured Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Andronikos Doukas (or Ioannes the kaisar) turned Byzantine victory to defeat, leaving Romanos IV to be captured Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alp Arslan reassured Romanos he would be treated honourably, kept him for 8 days & set him free Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Survivors of Mantzikert brought confusing news to Constantinople Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos hurried westwards via Koloneia: at Melissopetri he learned that his wife had deposed him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Michael VII proclaimed sole emperor by palace guard; Eudokia evicted Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Dokeia captured by Romanos Diogenes, who established himself in Amaseia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Troops under kaisar's son Konstantinos Doukas sent by Michael VII against Romanos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos won Cappadocians under Alyates & many Franks, but Michael VII sent exiled Robert Crépin Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Victory of Konstantinos Doukas over Romanos Diogenes at Dokeia: Theodoros Alyates blinded Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Khacatur, doux of Antioch, ordered by Michael VII to attack Romanos Diogenes, joined his forces Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Romanos & Khacatur wintered in Cilicia, missing (Attaleiates says) a good chance to advance Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Psellos congratulated Andronikos Doukas on his victory, though Romanos IV was still free, & prepared a poem for his triumph
Psellos wrote to congratulate Andronikos Doukas, son of Ioannes the kaisar, on his victory. He not only admired his success, but his command of military science. The capital had been anxious, but victory was now won, announced by a supernatural voice. Yet the serpent Romanos IV was still free in his lofty nest. Psellos wanted Andronikos soon to announce final success, and had a poem ready for his triumph. The snake Khacatur too must not escape. Psellos embraced Andronikos for saving the dying empire
1072
Certainty: 2 Andronikos Doukas (kaisar's other son) & Crepin built up an army without interference Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Andronikos Doukas invaded Cilicia, over passes Romanos should have defended Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Michael VII sent more peace overtures through group of bishops, but too late Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Andronikos Doukas & Robert Crepin defeated & captured Khacatur in Cilicia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Unsuccessful embassy of deposed Romanos Diogenes to win over Robert Crépin Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Siege of Adana by Andronikos Doukas; abdication & tonsure of Romanos Diogenes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Deposed Romanos Diogenes surrendered (or was surrendered by his troops) to Andronikos Doukas Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes blinded at Kotyaeion & banished to Prote Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes blinded Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Psellos wrote to the blinded Romanos IV, offering consolation of divine inner light
Psellos wrote to console Romanos IV on his blinding. He started with a eulogy, praising an inner, divine light Romanos won in losing his sight. He added firm assurances that Michael VII had not ordered the blinding, but had instructed that no harm come to him. He was much distressed by the event, and would honour him
Certainty: 2 Michael VII wrote to Robert Guiscard, proposing to marry his brother Konstantios to a daughter of Guiscard Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Romanos Diogenes died on Prote, to be buried & mourned by his wife Eudokia Certainty: 3
1074
Certainty: 2 Roussel held Basileios Maleses (just released by Turks) as prisoner & (probably) advocate of peace Certainty: 2
1081
Certainty: 2 The Komennoi set up headquarters at Aretai, near the walls, & from there kept up a siege without engines Certainty: 2