Certainty: 2 Episcopal see of Lakedaimon elevated to metropolitan status Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios used varied tactics to test the loyalty of Bohemond's counts Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios went to Thessalonike, then to the capital triumphantly; Bohemond left garrisons & withdrew to Avlon Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I at Blachernai defended his limited appropriation of church property in an emergency, & made compensation Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Niketas of Ankyra spoke before church leaders in favour of regular synods in the capital Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios I gathered an army & attacked Bryennios at Kastoria, building a base from which to use siege engines Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Kastoria was attacked on land & by Palaiologos in boats; Bryennios' counts rebelled & went home with safe-conduct Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios tricked the Manichaeans to come to Mosynopolis in groups, arrested them & distributed property to his comrades Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Periorismos for Lavra property at Archontochorion (near Thessalonike?) Certainty: 1
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting Mesolimna (near Thessalonike) to Leon Kephalas Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I returned victorious from Kastoria; Pakourianos & the patriach of Jerusalem made the peace Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Birth of Anna Komnene Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Plot against Alexios I by leading senators & generals; ringleaders merely deprived of their property & exiled Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Traulos refused all compromises, even a chrysobull guaranteeing amnesty, & continued raids till 1085 Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Alexios I wrote to the German king proposing payments, agreements & a marriage alliance Certainty: 1
1084
Certainty: 2 Betrothal & coronation of Konstantinos Doukas & Anna Komnene Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming ownership of Mesolimna (near Thessalonike) to Leon Kephalas Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Abul-Kasim remained in control of Nicaea when Sulayman left for Antioch, & advanced up to the Sea of Marmara Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Eustratios Garidas resigned as patriarch, to be replaced by Nikolaos Grammatikos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming privileges of Lavra properties at Kassandra Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Niketas of Ankyra spoke on ordinations before the synod Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios brought in the Venetians, who were more victorious than not in the fierce naval campaign which followed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Venetians won extensive privileges from Alexios [maybe dated to 1092? or, less likely, 1082?] Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Grant of Kassandra properties by Alexios I to his brother Adrianos Komnenos Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Elchanes occupied Apollonias & Kyzikos; Alexios sent a fleet under Alexandros Euphorbenos Certainty: 1
1085
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming Kos properties to Christodoulos & granting privileges to his monastery of Theotokos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios sent a land force against Elchanes under Konstantinos Opos, who pressed him hard Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Elchanes deserted, was rewarded & baptised; Alexios' generosity encouraged others to follow Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios I sent Pakourianos & Branas against Manichaeans & Pechenegs; they were defeated & both killed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting protection, exemptions & properties to Theotokos Eleousa Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios after death of Guiscard persuaded the people of Dyrrachion to return the city to him Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios raised an army against the Pechenegs by giving Tatikios money & telling Oumbertos to bring Latins Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Birth of Maria, daughter of Alexios I Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Leon of Chalcedon attacked Alexios I over appropriation of church property for campaigns against the Pechenegs Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The sultan sent Siaous to Alexios I, proposing a marriage alliance & Turkish withdrawal from the coast Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Nikephoros Diogenes, though made doux of Crete, was resentful, but Leon was happy with his lot Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Soudaga (Macedonia) granted to Symbatios Pakourianos Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Leon Kephalas granted Ano (in Macedonia) by Alexios I Certainty: 1
1086
Certainty: 3 Alexios marched against the Pechenegs to Lardea, assembled an army & sent Georgios Euphorbenos to Dristra Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Leon of Chalcedon opposed Alexios I in an unorthodox & illogical way, & was deposed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Details of synod which condemned Leon of Chalcedon Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Sulayman's governors rebelled at his death; Abul-Kasim claimed title of sultan & raided Byzantium, but was checked Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios corrupted Siaous to dismiss coastal Turkish governors, Charatikes in Sinope & others Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 In discussions at Lardea, opinion was divided, with young officers wishing to fight the Pechenegs Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Pechenegs sent an embassy to avoid being caught between Alexios & Euphorbenos; Alexios would not see them Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios intimidated the Pechenegs by predicting an eclipse, then sent them under guard to the capital Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 En route for the capital, the Pechenegs murdered their guards & escaped; Nikerites fled back to Alexios Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I crossed the Sidera as far as Pliskoba & Dristra, suffering attacks on foragers Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I besieged Dristra, breaching the walls, but unable to capture the citadels; he abandoned the siege Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 In council of war, some were for battle, others for guerilla tactics; Alexios decided to attack Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios sent his baggage to Betrinos, ordering the army to be ready at sunrise Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Both sides prepared for battle, with Byzantines' leaders listed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Pecheneg numbers soon told, but the battle was not lost till large Pecheneg reinforcements appeared
Alexios I imposed discipline on his troops not to break ranks till the enemy was very close. He had hardly finished preparations when the Pechenegs attacked. The battle was long, with very heavy losses on both sides. Leon Diogenes made a fierce charge but was carried too close to the enemy wagons and mortally wounded. Adrianos, the emperor's brother and leader of the Latins, launched a desperate counter-attack against the Pechenegs and nearly reached their wagons. He fought valiantly but returned with only seven companions, everyone else having been killed or taken captive. The Romans held the first wave of Pechenegs and the battle was balanced on a knife-edge: but the arrival of 36,000 Pecheneg reinforcements broke their spirit
Certainty: 3 Alexios was forced to flee gloriously, turning often & killing pursuers, first to Goloe, then to Beroe Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The captured Nikephoros Melissenos helped work out ransoms for prisoners, which Alexios paid Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Cumans arrived late but demanded a share of the booty; they were forced to leave through lack of provisions Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Siaous returned to Constantinople, was baptised & made doux of Anchialos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Christodoulos, in an interview with Alexios I, made his first request for Patmos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming donation of Chostiane (Moglena) to Leon Kephalas Certainty: 3
1087
Certainty: 3 Victorious generals were rewarded in the capital, then left again under Adrianos Komnenos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I & Anna Dalassene made grants of land to Christodoulos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bureaucracy in action: Alexios I & Anna Dalassene made grants to Christodoulos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios sent Synesios with a generous chrysobull to pacify the Pechenegs: a treaty was made Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Cumans wanted to attack the Pechenegs, hearing of the new treaty; Alexios refused, but gave rich gifts Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios I ordered the handover of properties on Leros to Christodoulos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Birth & coronation of Ioannes (II) Komnenos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Niketas of Ankyra spoke on elections (attacking imperial interference), & on resignations Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios refuted Neilos' heresies on the nature of Christ without persuading him they were false Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios called a synod to examine Neilos & the Armenians; they & Blachernites were stigmatised Certainty: 2
1088
Certainty: 3 Theophylaktos of Ohrid delivered an encomium to Alexios I, on the Pechenegs & his family Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Synesios reported to Alexios I that the Pechenegs were breaking the treaty by ravaging surrounding towns Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting Patmos to Christodoulos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Chrysobulls of Alexios I granting exemption for a ship of 500 modioi for the Theologos of Patmos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Tax exemptions of Theologos of Patmos confirmed by a pittakion of Anna Dalassene Certainty: 3
1089
Certainty: 3 Alexios & Anna Dalassene reinstated the previous tax regime on the Docheiariou estate at Satoubla Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I exempted epoikoi of Patmos from strateia Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I issued a decree to return Xenophontos to its exiled hegoumenos Symeon Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Tax due by Lavra reassessed by krites & anagrapheus of Boleron, Strymon & Thessalonike Niketas Xiphilinos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming ownership & exemptions of properties left by Leon Kephalas to his children Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios at Beroe met the count of Flanders returning from Jerusalem, who promised him 500 horsemen Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming tax obligations of Lavra following reassessment by Niketas Xiphilinos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios sent the archontopouloi against the Pechenegs at Charioupolis Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Pechenegs ambushed the archontopouloi, killing 300; Alexios grieved for them Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Pechenegs plundered up to Apros; Alexios took Apros before them & Tatikios killed 400 foragers Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Five hundred knights from Flanders, with extra horses, were sent to Nikomedia against Abul-Kasim Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios sent troops to fortify Methymna, but Chaka captured Chios Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I issued an ordinance on the role of the chartophylax Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Chaka defeated a Byzantine fleet under Niketas Kastamonites, capturing many ships Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios, with Neantzes, Kantzous & Katranes, was defeated at Rousion by the Pechenegs with heavy losses Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I lost another engagement with the Pechenegs because of the treachery of Neantzes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios rallied troops near Rousion with the aid of Georgios Pyrros, organising a makeshift army Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios defeated the Pechenegs by cultivating a deserter, capturing horses & attacking with bowmen Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios won two battles against the Pechenegs near Tzouroulos, in one rolling carts downhill at them Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios left a force to shadow Pecheneg movements, & returned to Constantinople Certainty: 3
1091
Certainty: 3 Alexios set out before his other generals to defend Choirobakchoi against the Pechenegs Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios deceived Pechenegs (& some Byzantines) by disguising men in Pecheneg costume
With typical inventiveness, Alexios used the clothes and horses of the dead and prisoners to dress some Byzantines as Pechenegs. Thus they won another victory over unsuspecting Pecheneg raiders. He then left Choirobakchoi in procession, with disguised troops and Pecheneg prisoners in front; this confused Georgios Palaiologos as he approached, receiving puzzled messages from his scouts. Alexios' grim joke dismayed some of those he met on the plain of Dimylia. Palaiologos however, who knew Alexios well, understood the point
Certainty: 3 Kinsmen & generals joined Alexios as he returned, amazed but a little resentful at his quick success Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Pechenegs ravaged near the capital, taking small towns & stopping pilgrimage to Bathys Ryax Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Chaka's fleet raided coasts & islands: he planned to join with the Pechenegs at the Chersonesos Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 After problems of a heavy winter, Alexios wrote letters far & wide to gather mercenaries Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios gathered his troops at Ainos, fortifying a camp, but badly outnumbered by the Pechenegs Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 A large army of Cumans appeared; Alexios offered their leaders all booty to be won from the Pechenegs Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 A three-way stand-off: skirmish & negotiation, the Cumans impatient to fight, Alexios delaying Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Byzantines & Cumans fought together at Lebounion, leading to the slaughter of the Pechenegs Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios & his allies slaughtered most of the Pechenegs, but he ordered prisoners to be kept alive Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Slaughter of all prisoners overnight: Alexios arrested Synesios, but did not punish him further Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 The Cumans were given all their dues, extra money, & an exchange of hostages to ensure safe conduct Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios returned victorious to Constantinople Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios I sent Michael Doukas to Kyrillos Phileotes, then visited with his family, granting donations Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 A chrysobull confirmed the gift of a proasteion to Samuel Bourtzes by Nikephoros Melissenos Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Theodoros Gabras affianced his son Gregorios to a daughter (Maria?) of Isaakios Komnenos Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 As Gregorios Gabras' marriage became impossible, Alexios decided to marry him to his daughter Maria Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 A marriage contract was promised for Gregorios Gabras & a good education Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Victory of Alexios I over Pechenegs, who were converted (concealment of brutal details) Certainty: 1
1092
Certainty: 2 Tatikios, sent against Abul-Kasim at Nicaea, drove him back into the city & camped nearby Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 The sultan sent Bozan to attack Abul-Kasim, with a letter proposing a marriage alliance with Alexios against him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bozan attacked Nicaea; Abul-Kasim resited, aided by Alexios, diverting Bozan to other cities Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Ioannes Komnenos received three letters from Theophylaktos of Ohrid soon after reaching Dyrrachion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Fall of statue in the forum of Constantine dismissed as not ill-omened Certainty: 1
Certainty: 0 Trial of Basileios & other Bogomils Certainty: 0
Certainty: 0 Public burning of of Basileios the Bogomil Certainty: 0
1106
Certainty: 2 Byzantine commanders rotated to provide defence against Bohemond Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Comet seen for 40 days in Constantinople & Jerusalem Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Gregorios Taronites visited in prison by Nikephoros Bryennios, counselled & finally pardoned Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting tax exemptions to Theotokos Eleousa Certainty: 2
1107
Certainty: 2 Defeat of Bohemond by Alexios I predicted by Kyrillos Phileotes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Dyrrachion was fortified, & a fleet built early despite the expense Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 The doux of Dyrrachion was encouraged & the megas doux Kontostephanos sent to assist Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Release of Conrad, constable of the Western Empire & other counts from Egypt by Alexios I Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios I issued an edict on clergy reform Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond crossed to Epirus with a huge armada; Landulf let him pass Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Pecheneg messenger sent to inform Alexios I, who took the news coolly Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios chose governors for the capital, waiting at Geranion for the Blachernai miracle Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Choirobakchoi to Thessalonike: appointments, letters to commanders & a Bulgarian plot Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Detection & punishment of conspiracy of the Bulgarian Aaron Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios used his journey to Thessalonike as training for the army Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Alexios I satisfied a request by Lavra for improvements in its tax regime Certainty: 1
Certainty: 0 Nikolaos Mouzalon, didaskalos of the Gospels, appointed archbishop of Cyprus Certainty: 0
1108
Certainty: 2 Alexios I wintered in Thessalonike, sending picked officers to guard valleys of Pindos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Region of Ohrid ravaged by Bohemond of Taranto Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bertrand, son of Raymond of St-Gilles, was welcomed by Alexios I & took an oath to him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 While the empress went home, Alexios I advanced to Pelagonia & Devol, avoiding confrontation Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios sent letters & an apparent deserter to implicate Bohemond's lieutenants in treachery Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bohemond did not know whether to believe the "deserter", but finally took no action Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I further blocked the passes & made four major appointments Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios sent Kantakouzenos to attack Mylos; he failed, but destroyed ships used for river crossing Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 (?) Bohemond defeated Alexios I at Bothilia, then returned to the siege of Dyrrachion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 A Byzantine victory prevented the Normans using rafts, but was followed by a Byzantine defeat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Destruction of a major foraging party from the besiegers of Dyrrachion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Redistribution of Byzantine commands against Bohemond Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I strengthened the blockade of the straits between Italy & Epiros Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I gave instructions to kill horses in raids on the Normans Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Lands belonging to Lavra measured Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Bohemond's position near Dyrrachion became untenable, & he came to terms with Alexios (general factoids) Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond, now desperate, made peace proposals Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Preparations for the meeting of the rival leaders (day 1) Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Discussions reached stalemate, but were resumed & completed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I arranged for Bohemond to go safely home & his men to winter where they were Certainty: 3
1109
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming exemptions on Lavra properties Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios I sent out Eumathios Philokales against Turkish attacks in Asia Minor Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 1,000 modioi of land granted to Lavra by Alexios I Certainty: 2
1110
Certainty: 1 Unsuccessful Byzantine embassy to Tancred, asking for return of Antioch Certainty: 1
Certainty: 2 Expansionary moves of Tancred to the south Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Typikon for Eirene Doukaina's monastery of Kecharitomene Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Unsuccessful marriage of Eudokia, daughter of Alexios I Certainty: 1
1111
Certainty: 2 Death of patriarch Nikolaos III Grammatikos, to be replaced by Ioannes IX Agapetos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I triumphed over sickness & superstitious fear of his death Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Beginning of attack on Tyre hampered through delays of ally Alexios I Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Suppression of revolt of Michael of Amastris at Akrounos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Alexios I sent envoys & money via Tripoli to turn crusaders against Tancred Certainty: 1
Certainty: 2 Alexios wintered in the Chersonesos, to defend against a western fleet & Melikshah on land Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios stricken with gout by a polo accident & listening to endless petitions Certainty: 2
1112
Certainty: 2 Careful Byzantine preparations & vigilance made the western fleet depart without an attack Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 The sickness of the empress brought Alexios I from the Chersonesos to the capital Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Melikshah lost a battle & sent envoys, who were persuaded into peace on Byzantine terms Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Several prominent Turks with armies appeared from the east, making destructive raids Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Negotiations between Paschal II & Alexios I over a planned council in October, 1113 Certainty: 2
1113
Certainty: 2 Kamytzes, doux of Nicaea, defeated the Turks but was then captured by them Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After the defeat, a time of stalemate & fear; then the Turks left to attack Byzantium Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I defeated the Turkish invaders at the battle of Akrokos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Losses in the rearguard of the Byzantine army soon after Akrokos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Kamytzes escaped to Alexios I, then reported events in the capital Certainty: 2
1114
Certainty: 3 Alexios I moved to counter a Cuman invasion & reform Manichaeans of Philippopolis Certainty: 3
1115
Certainty: 3 Till the Cumans invaded, Alexios moved to Philippopolis to convert the Manichaeans there Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Campaign from Philippopolis against the Cumans Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Many Manichaeans were baptised, a few sent to Constantinople for more treatment Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I & Melikshah prepared for war; Alexios' gout left the Turks free to ravage Asia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios I continued pressure on the Manichaean leaders he had sent to the capital Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting annual donation to Theologos of Patmos Certainty: 1
1116
Certainty: 2 Alexios I took the field & destroyed a Turkish raiding party Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After a pause due to drought, alarming news came of a Turkish attack; but it was defeated Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After major preparations, Alexios preferred defence to attack, to his enemies' scorn Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios used the delay to practice a special formation for use against the Turks Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Alexios sent his generals in different directions, wondering whether to resume aggressive plans Certainty: 1
Certainty: 2 With crops burned & another Turkish invasion impending, Alexios was told by God to be cautious Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bardas Bourtzes became involved in a fight, leading to a general battle Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Despite losses, the new formation won the day; the sultan was nearly captured Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 In a further night & day of battle, the superior Turkish numbers were again defeated
During the night after the escape of the sultan, the Turks continued their howling war-cries and lit many intimidating watch-fires. Later two deserters played important roles: a Pecheneg from Alexios' army advised the Turks to raid the Roman ranks all night with bowmen, because they were tightly packed and made good targets. A deserter of mixed race then came from the Turks to Alexios, telling him of the Pecheneg's words and the developing plans of the Turkish leaders. Alexios kept half his army in camp and used the other half to ward off the bowmen, who were still able to keep up many volleys of arrows. By the morning the new formation had reformed, with non-combatants and booty in the centre, moving on to Ampous. There the Turks made determined efforts to disrupt the Byzantine ranks, but to no avail. Fighting was fierce, but the formation held
Certainty: 2 Melikshah sued for peace in an impressive ceremony; terms were agreed Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Melikshah, refusing Alexios' aid, was betrayed & killed by his brother Mas'ud Certainty: 2