Certainty: 2 Konstantinos Dalassenos besieged Chios in Chaka's absence, breaching the wall, but allowing repair Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Cretans murdered Karykes & gave Crete to Ioannes Doukas as he approached; he left for Cyprus Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios sent Kalliparios to Cyprus as krites & exisotes, & Eumathios Philokales as stratopedarches Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios returned home, pitying Nikephoros Diogenes; the latter was devoted to learning, & hating Alexios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 0 Theophylaktos sent congratulations & thanks to the protasekretes Gregorios Kamateros Certainty: 0
Certainty: 2 Synod convened by Alexios I at Blachernai to discuss icon veneration Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Borsuq besieged Abul-Kasim for three months; Alexios sent help but the Byzantines soon withdrew
As once predicted to Tatikios by a peasant, Borsuq reached Nicaea with large forces and began a siege, which was unremitting for three months, causing desperation for Abul-Kasim and the population. Abul-Kasim and the other leaders of the defence against Borsuq realised they could not hold out much longer, and so appealed for help to Alexios, preferring to serve him rather than Borsuq. In response, Alexios sent out his best troops equipped with standards and sceptres. This was not really to aid Abul-Kasim, but to help in his destruction: Alexios, by repelling Borsuq, might be able to take the city from Abul-Kasim. By aiding the weaker of two Turkish parties in each case, the Roman empire, reduced to almost nothing by the invincible Turkish lance, might be extended. Alexios' men came to the castle of Hagios Georgios, were let in by the Turks, raising their standards at the east gate; then their war-songs were so loud that the besiegers feared that Alexios himself had come, and withdrew. But the Byzantines soon returned to Constantinople, for they were not sufficient in numbers to combat a further Turkish invasion expected to arrive from the furthest recesses of the empire
Certainty: 2 A false "Leon Diogenes" outraged Alexios' sister Theodora (nun & widow of Konstantinos Diogenes) Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 "Diogenes" escaped from Cherson with the aid of the Cumans, by whom he was recognised as emperor Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Plot of Gregorios Gabras to abscond to his father betrayed to Alexios; plotters were punished Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Hearing that Turks were plundering Bithynia, Alexios re-excavated an ancient ditch to defend it Certainty: 1
1095
Certainty: 2 Alexios wrote to Kilic Arslan, warning that Chaka was a bigger threat to him than to the Byzantines Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Kilic Arslan dined with Chaka, then killed him, leading to a peace treaty with Alexios Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 As the Cumans & "Diogenes" reached Paristrion, Alexios was unanimously advised not to fight Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios asked God in a ceremony in Hagia Sophia whether to fight the Cumans; the answer was positive Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios at Anchialos sent commanders to their posts, inspected defences in passes, & made camp Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 When the Cumans crossed the Danube, Alexios, after another council, made more defensive moves Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Konstantinos Katakalon Euphorbenos captured one hundred Cumans & won immediate promotion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Goloe & area surrendered to the Cumans acclaiming "Diogenes", followed by impasse at Anchialos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios sent Konstantinos Katakalon Euphorbenos to relieve Adrianople; he was not successful Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios decided to go himself to relieve Adrianople, using Alakaseus to deal with "Diogenes" Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios fought single-handed against a Cuman, won a battle, & restored loot to local people Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Cuman leaders posing as deserters failed to distract attention from their army's retreat Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 The Cumans fled, deceived over the size of Alexios' army; he pursued them & captured large numbers Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Ariebes, Oumbertos & others convicted of plotting: they were exiled & their property confiscated Certainty: 3
Certainty: 0 Basileios the Bogomil induced to make a statement of beliefs Certainty: 0
1096
Certainty: 2 Poulchases, brother of Abul-Kasim governed Nicaea; Alexios offered him bribes to leave Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Arrival of vast numbers of crusaders from the west, presaged by swarms of locusts Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I sent forces with interpreters to meet the crusaders, to arrange supplies & prevent trouble Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Walter Sansavoir reached Constantinople Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Peter the Hermit went quickly from Nis to the capital Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Peter the Hermit met Alexios I & crossed with Walter Sansavoir to Asia Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I received a copy of the Monomachos typikon (for Athos) Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 A few of Peter's men returned alive, threatened by more ambushes but saved by Alexios' troops Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Godfrey en route to Constantinople fought for the release of imprisoned French nobles Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Hugh of Vermandois was entertained at Dyrrachion, then taken to Constantinople Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Godfrey reached Constantinople but refused to cross to Asia or meet Alexios I, who feared attack Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Anna Dalassene sensed hostility from Alexios I & retired to the Pantepoptes Certainty: 1
Certainty: 2 Tancred fought prominently as Bohemond's army crossed the Vardar Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Godfrey's relations with the Byzantines descended into violence Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Godfrey of Bouillon finally waited on Alexios I in his palace & took oaths of allegiance Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Godfrey & his men after taking oaths were transferred to Asia Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Bohemond was invited by Alexios I to come to Constantinople ahead of his army Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 A crusader knight sat on Alexios' throne & received a lecture on fighting the Turks
His careful treatment of crusading leaders became for a time [in the text of Anna Komnene] more general: they were greeted, fed, and housed from Kosmidion up the Bosporos, even to Hieron (!). There was a general oath-taking ceremony for new crusader arrivals, for which Godfrey was called from Pelekanos, as the oath to be taken was the one he had sworn to Alexios. After the oaths were taken, a knight sat on Alexios' throne; he was told to rise by Baldwin, Godfrey's brother, to respect local custom, especially as he had just sworn allegiance to Alexios. The knight rose and accepted Baldwin's rebuke without comment, but he looked daggers at Alexios and quietly abused him for rudeness in sitting alone before such noble company. Alexios saw the knight mutter as he rose from the throne, and asked an interpreter to translate: Alexios listened, but said nothing at the time. As the man left, Alexios asked him who he was: he was a pure-blooded Frankish noble, whose challenges to single combat were never taken up. Alexios warned him and everyone else against such complacency, with a brief lecture, as the Turks were terrible foes
Certainty: 3 Bohemond reached Constantinople & held a tense but positive meeting with Alexios I Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Tancred avoided contact with Alexios I, & undermined Bohemond Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Raymond of Toulouse after angry hostility to Alexios I became his closest ally Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Early arrivals among the crusaders moved on towards Nicaea Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Fall of statue in the forum of Constantine dismissed as not ill-omened Certainty: 1
Certainty: 0 Trial of Basileios & other Bogomils Certainty: 0
Certainty: 0 Public burning of of Basileios the Bogomil Certainty: 0
1106
Certainty: 2 Byzantine commanders rotated to provide defence against Bohemond Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Comet seen for 40 days in Constantinople & Jerusalem Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Gregorios Taronites visited in prison by Nikephoros Bryennios, counselled & finally pardoned Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting tax exemptions to Theotokos Eleousa Certainty: 2
1107
Certainty: 2 Defeat of Bohemond by Alexios I predicted by Kyrillos Phileotes Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Dyrrachion was fortified, & a fleet built early despite the expense Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 The doux of Dyrrachion was encouraged & the megas doux Kontostephanos sent to assist Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Release of Conrad, constable of the Western Empire & other counts from Egypt by Alexios I Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios I issued an edict on clergy reform Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond crossed to Epirus with a huge armada; Landulf let him pass Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Pecheneg messenger sent to inform Alexios I, who took the news coolly Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios chose governors for the capital, waiting at Geranion for the Blachernai miracle Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Choirobakchoi to Thessalonike: appointments, letters to commanders & a Bulgarian plot Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Detection & punishment of conspiracy of the Bulgarian Aaron Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios used his journey to Thessalonike as training for the army Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Alexios I satisfied a request by Lavra for improvements in its tax regime Certainty: 1
Certainty: 0 Nikolaos Mouzalon, didaskalos of the Gospels, appointed archbishop of Cyprus Certainty: 0
1108
Certainty: 2 Alexios I wintered in Thessalonike, sending picked officers to guard valleys of Pindos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Region of Ohrid ravaged by Bohemond of Taranto Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bertrand, son of Raymond of St-Gilles, was welcomed by Alexios I & took an oath to him Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 While the empress went home, Alexios I advanced to Pelagonia & Devol, avoiding confrontation Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios sent letters & an apparent deserter to implicate Bohemond's lieutenants in treachery Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bohemond did not know whether to believe the "deserter", but finally took no action Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I further blocked the passes & made four major appointments Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios sent Kantakouzenos to attack Mylos; he failed, but destroyed ships used for river crossing Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 (?) Bohemond defeated Alexios I at Bothilia, then returned to the siege of Dyrrachion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 A Byzantine victory prevented the Normans using rafts, but was followed by a Byzantine defeat Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Destruction of a major foraging party from the besiegers of Dyrrachion Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Redistribution of Byzantine commands against Bohemond Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I strengthened the blockade of the straits between Italy & Epiros Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I gave instructions to kill horses in raids on the Normans Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Lands belonging to Lavra measured Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Bohemond's position near Dyrrachion became untenable, & he came to terms with Alexios (general factoids) Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Bohemond, now desperate, made peace proposals Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Preparations for the meeting of the rival leaders (day 1) Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Discussions reached stalemate, but were resumed & completed Certainty: 3
Certainty: 3 Alexios I arranged for Bohemond to go safely home & his men to winter where they were Certainty: 3
1109
Certainty: 3 Chrysobull of Alexios I confirming exemptions on Lavra properties Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Alexios I sent out Eumathios Philokales against Turkish attacks in Asia Minor Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 1,000 modioi of land granted to Lavra by Alexios I Certainty: 2
1110
Certainty: 1 Unsuccessful Byzantine embassy to Tancred, asking for return of Antioch Certainty: 1
Certainty: 2 Expansionary moves of Tancred to the south Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Typikon for Eirene Doukaina's monastery of Kecharitomene Certainty: 1
Certainty: 1 Unsuccessful marriage of Eudokia, daughter of Alexios I Certainty: 1
1111
Certainty: 2 Death of patriarch Nikolaos III Grammatikos, to be replaced by Ioannes IX Agapetos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I triumphed over sickness & superstitious fear of his death Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Beginning of attack on Tyre hampered through delays of ally Alexios I Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Suppression of revolt of Michael of Amastris at Akrounos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 1 Alexios I sent envoys & money via Tripoli to turn crusaders against Tancred Certainty: 1
Certainty: 2 Alexios wintered in the Chersonesos, to defend against a western fleet & Melikshah on land Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios stricken with gout by a polo accident & listening to endless petitions Certainty: 2
1112
Certainty: 2 Careful Byzantine preparations & vigilance made the western fleet depart without an attack Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 The sickness of the empress brought Alexios I from the Chersonesos to the capital Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Melikshah lost a battle & sent envoys, who were persuaded into peace on Byzantine terms Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Several prominent Turks with armies appeared from the east, making destructive raids
Soon after Alexios reached the capital from Kallioupolis with the Empress (who was treating his gout), an attack was reported from huge Turkish armies from all corners of the east. He crossed to Damalis: the next day his chamberlain told him the Turks had attacked Nicaea, and he received a letter with details from its governor, Eustathios Kamytzes. He left at once to go there, driving a chariot himself, smiling and chatting to his troops, who admired his courage but pitied his ill-health. He reached Aigialoi and the crossing to Kibotos, where the Empress said farewell and returned to the capital. At Kibotos he heard that the Turkish commanders had divided: some were plundering Nicaea and its surrounds, Monolykos and one other were devastating the coast. Those who had attacked areas by the Lake of Nicaea, Prousa and Apollonias had all their booty in a camp near Apollonias; they had then gone on to ravage the area of Lopadion, even capturing Kyzikos from the side of the sea, its governor surrendering disgracefully at the first assault. Kontogmen and the amir Mouchoumet were marching through the Lentiana mountains to Poimanenon with plenty of booty and prisoners - everyone who had survived. Monolykos had crossed the Barenos to Parion and Abydos on the Hellespont, then on to Adramyttion and Chliara, with all his prisoners, without fighting. Alexios, hearing this, ordered Kamytzes to take a small force, keep in touch with the Turks without a battle, and send reports
Certainty: 2 Negotiations between Paschal II & Alexios I over a planned council in October, 1113 Certainty: 2
1113
Certainty: 2 Kamytzes, doux of Nicaea, defeated the Turks but was then captured by them Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After the defeat, a time of stalemate & fear; then the Turks left to attack Byzantium Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I defeated the Turkish invaders at the battle of Akrokos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Losses in the rearguard of the Byzantine army soon after Akrokos Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Kamytzes escaped to Alexios I, then reported events in the capital Certainty: 2
1114
Certainty: 3 Alexios I moved to counter a Cuman invasion & reform Manichaeans of Philippopolis Certainty: 3
1115
Certainty: 3 Till the Cumans invaded, Alexios moved to Philippopolis to convert the Manichaeans there Certainty: 3
Certainty: 2 Campaign from Philippopolis against the Cumans Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Many Manichaeans were baptised, a few sent to Constantinople for more treatment Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Alexios I & Melikshah prepared for war; Alexios' gout left the Turks free to ravage Asia Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios I continued pressure on the Manichaean leaders he had sent to the capital Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Chrysobull of Alexios I granting annual donation to Theologos of Patmos Certainty: 1
1116
Certainty: 2 Alexios I took the field & destroyed a Turkish raiding party Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After a pause due to drought, alarming news came of a Turkish attack; but it was defeated Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 After major preparations, Alexios preferred defence to attack, to his enemies' scorn Certainty: 2
Certainty: 3 Alexios used the delay to practice a special formation for use against the Turks Certainty: 3
Certainty: 1 Alexios sent his generals in different directions, wondering whether to resume aggressive plans Certainty: 1
Certainty: 2 With crops burned & another Turkish invasion impending, Alexios was told by God to be cautious Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Bardas Bourtzes became involved in a fight, leading to a general battle Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Despite losses, the new formation won the day; the sultan was nearly captured Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 In a further night & day of battle, the superior Turkish numbers were again defeated Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Melikshah sued for peace in an impressive ceremony; terms were agreed Certainty: 2
Certainty: 2 Melikshah, refusing Alexios' aid, was betrayed & killed by his brother Mas'ud Certainty: 2